Congenital Deformities of the Hand

1 Introduction.- 1.1 General Directives.- 1.2 General Surgical Suggestions.- 1.3 Review of Frequent Errors of Therapy and Their Consequences.- 2 Syndactylies.- 2.1 Cutaneous Syndactylies.- 2.2 Osseous Syndactylies.- 2.3 Recurrent Syndactylies.- 3 Peripheral Hypoplasias.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Syndactyly with Digiti Superducti.- 3.3 Interdigital Cutaneous Bridge ("Bridge Syndactyly").- 3.4 Partial Syndactyly Between Thumb and Index Finger.- 3.5 Total Syndactyly of Rudimentary Fingers of Unequal Length.- 3.6 Total Syndactyly of Rudimentary Fingers of Equal Length.- 3.7 Anular Grooves with Excessive Dorsal Soft Tissue Finger Pads.- 3.8 Conical Rudimentary Finger; Excessive Dorsal Soft Tissue Finger Pad.- 3.9 Rudimentary Thumb with Excessive Soft Tissue.- 3.10 Anular Groove and Defect Pseudarthrosis of the Thumb.- 3.11 Rudimentary Index Finger with Excessive Soft Tissue and Anular Groove.- 3.12 Anular Groove of the Forearm.- 4 Numerical Variations.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Thumb Hypo- and Aplasias.- 4.3 Long Finger Oligodactylies.- 4.4 Thumb Duplication.- 4.5 Other Finger Duplications.- 5 Metrical Variations.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Dolichophalangeal Thumb.- 5.3 Brachymesophalangeal Thumb: Ulnar Clinodactyly with Wedge-Shaped Rudimentary Phalanx.- 5.4 Radial Clinodactyly Combined with Brachybasophalangy of the Thumb.- 5.5 Brachymesophalangeal Long Finger.- 6 Hypoplasias and Aplasias of Finger Joints.- 6.1 Introduction.- 7 Joint Dysplasias.- 7.1 Introduction.- 8 Symbrachydactylies.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 First-Degree Symbrachydactyly Combined with Total Syndactyly of Two Long Digits and Partial Syndactyly Between Thumb and Index Finger.- 8.3 Second-Degree Symbrachydactyly Combined with "Flat Hand".- 8.4 Second-Degree Symbrachydactyly with Budlike Finger Rudiments.-8.5 Second-Degree Symbrachydactyly with Metacarpal and Syndactylous Finger Rudiments.- 8.6 Second-Degree Symbrachydactyly with Clinodactyly.- 8.7 Third-Degree Symbrachydactyly (Monodactyly).- 9 Cleft Hand.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Cleft Hand with Wide Interdigital Space.- 9.3 Lobster-Claw Hand with Thumb Clinodactyly.- 9.4 Cleft Hand with Transversal Bone.- 9.5 Cleft Hand with Total Syndactyly Between Thumb and Index Finger.- 9.6 Cleft Hand with Flexion Contracture of the Ring Finger.- 9.7 Cleft Hand with Dysplasia of the Index Finger.- 9.8 Duplication of the Proximal Thumb Phalanx, Thumb Hyperphalangia, and Partial Syndactyly I/II.- 10 Congenital Localized Giantism of the Hand (Macrodactyly).- 10.1 Introduction.- 11 Pollex Flexus Congenitus (Congenital Trigger Thumb).- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Flexion Contracture of the Interphalangeal Joint of the Thumb.- 12 Camptodactyly.- 12.1 Introduction.- 13 Hypoplasias and Aplasias of the Radius (Radial Club Hand).- 13.1 Introduction.- 13.2 Radius Aplasia.- 13.3 Recurrent Club Hand.- 13.4 Radioulnar Synostosis.- 14 Hypoplasias and Aplasias of the Ulna (Ulnar Club Hand).- 14.1 Introduction.- 14.2 Ulnar Hypoplasia with Bowing of the Radius.- 15 Hereditary Multiple Exostoses.- 15.1 Introduction.- 15.2 Exostosis of a Phalanx.- 15.3 Manus Vara and Bowing of the Radius Caused by an Exostosis of the Distal Ulnar Epiphysis.- 15.4 Bowing of the Radius Caused by an Exostosis of the Metadiaphyseal Segment of the Ulna.- 15.5 Radius Shaft Exostosis (with Relative Overgrowth of the Ulna).- 16 Enchondromatosis.- 16.1 Introduction.- 16.2 Multiple Enchondromas of a Hand.- 16.3 Enchondroma of a Proximal Phalanx with Minimal Cortical Involvement.- 16.4 Large Enchondromas of the Proximal and Middle Phalanges (One-Stage Operation).- 16.5 Enchondromaof a Middle Phalanx.- 16.6 Metacarpal Enchondroma with Pathologic Fracture.- References.