Nanophotonics: Integrating Photochemistry, Optics and Nano/Bio Materials Studies (eBook)

Cover 1
Preface 5
Participants List 8
Table Of Contents 13
Photodynamics:From Single Molecules to Nanoparticles 17
Photophysical Processes in Multichromophoric Systems at the Ensemble and Single Molecule Level 19
Introduction 19
Structure Optimization and Calculations on Polyphenylene Dendrimers with Four Perylene Imide Chromphores in Para Position at the Outer Phenyl Groups 21
Ensemble Properties 24
Steady State Measurements 24
Time Resolved Measurements 25
Forster Resonance Energy Transfer Processes 26
Single Molecule Measurements on C1P4P 29
Fluorescence Intensity Trajectories 29
Spectral and Time Resolved Single Molecule Measurements 32
Conclusions 34
Acknowledgements 35
References 36
Single Molecule Spectroscopy of Multichromophoric Dendrimers at Room and Liquid Helium Temperatures 39
Introduction 39
Experimental 40
Confocal Microscopy at Room Temperature 43
Fluorescence Imaging and Spectroscopy at Low Temperature 44
Frequency Selective Excitation of Single Chromophores 50
Conclusions and Outlook 54
References 55
Ultrafast Diffuse Reflectance and Rayleigh Scattering Spectroscopies and their Applications to TiO2 and Gold Nanoparticles 57
Introduction 57
Femtosecond Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy 58
Instrumentation and Analysis 59
Temporal characteristics and Time Resolution 61
Charge Carrier Dynamics of TiO2 Nanoparticles 63
Ultrafast and Steady-State Rayleigh Scattering Spectroscopy of Single Gold Nanoparticles 68
Ultrafast Rayleigh Scattering Microspectroscopy System 69
Ultrafast Relaxation Dynamics of Photoexcited Electrons in a Single Gold Nanoparticle 70
Steady-State Rayleigh Scattering Spectroscopy 71
References 73
Electrical Conductance of Directly Linked Porphyrin Arrays 75
Introduction 75
Electronic Structure of Porphyrin Arrays 77
Electronical Conductance of Porphyrin Arrays 82
Conclusions 85
References 86
Two-photon Isomerization and Orientation of Photochromic Chromophores in Polymeric Thin Films 87
Introduction 87
Single Photon Isomerization of DE in PMMA 88
Single Photon Orientation of DE in PMMA 90
Two-Photon Isomerization of DE in PMMA 96
Two-Photon Orientation of DE in PMMA 97
Brief Theory of Two-Photon Isomerization and Orientation 99
TPA-Orientation Storage 100
Conclusion 103
References 104
Effect of Size and Light Power on the Fluorescence Yield of Rubrene Nanocrystals 105
Introduction 105
Materials and Method 106
Materials 106
Steady-State Measurements 106
Time-Resolved Spectroscopy 107
Preparation of Nanocrystals 107
Results 107
Size Control: Size Distributions of Nanocrystals 107
Yield Measurements on Nanocrystals. Diffusion Effect and Shadow Effect 109
Comparison of Spectroscopic Properties between Rubrene in Toluene and Crystals Suspensions. Yield and Lifetime in Toluene 110
Power Effect on Fluorescence Lifetime 113
Conclusion 115
References 116
Time-Resolved Spectroscopy and Microscopy on Nanocrystalline TiO2 and ZnO Films 119
Introduction 119
Samples 120
Experimental Techniques 121
Nanosecond Pump-Probe Spectrometer 121
Nanosecond Transient Absorption Microscopy 121
Femtosecond Pump-Probe Spectrometer 122
Charge Carrier Dynamics in TiO2 Bare Film 122
Assignment of Free and Trapped Electrons and Trapped Holes 123
Femtosecond Trapping Dynamics of Photogenerated Charge Carriers 124
Transient Absorption Microscopy and Spectroscopy of Dye-Sensitized ZnO Film 126
Transient Absorption Microscopy of Dye-Sensitized ZnO Film 127
Femtosecond Transient Absorption Spectroscopy of Dye-Sensitized ZnO Film 129
Summary 132
Acknowledgments 132
References 132
Spectroscopy and Imaging in Nanodimensions 135
Near-Field Nano-Raman Spectroscopy for Molecular Analysis and Imaging 137
Introduction 137
Near Field Vibrational Spectroscopy 137
Concept and Experimental Setup of Tip-Enhanced Near-Field Spectroscopy 139
A Metallic Tip Works as a Surface Enhanced for Sers Effect 141
Detection of an Individual Single Wall Carbon Nanotube(SWNT) 143
Tip-Enhanced Near-Field Raman Imaging for Vibrational Analysis 148
Conclusion 152
References 153
Scattering Probes: From 2-D to 3-D Near Field Imaging 155
Introduction 155
Scattering Tip: 2D Near Field Imaging(SNOM) 156
Scattering Properties of a Metallic Cone, Localization and Efficiency 156
Probing Local Dielectric Properties: Origin of the Contrast 157
Applications 159
3-D Optical Coherence Tomography 162
From Michelson to Imaging Interferometers 162
Full Field OCT 163
Applications of OCT in Biosciences 163
Multiple Scattering Beads:Towards 3-D Near Field Imaging 164
Conclusion and Perspectives 166
References 168
Polarization Optimized Focusing of Light and Coupling to Sub-Wavelength Antennae 169
Introduction 169
Experimental Set-Up 172
Generation of Radial and Azimuthal Polarization 172
Methods for Measuring the Focal Distribution of the Electric Field Energy 173
Focus Measurements 178
Focusing Linearly Polarized Light in Free Space 178
Focusing Radially and Azimuthally Polarized Light in Free Space 181
Focusing onto Sub-Wavelength Antennae 184
References 186
Active and Adaptive Optics in Confocal Microscopy 189
Introduction 189
Adaptive Optics in Confocal Microscopy 190
Generation of Optical Fields 193
Conclusions 200
Acknowledgements 200
References 200
Identification of Surface Adsorbates by Scanning Tunneling Microscope Light Emission Spectra 203
Introduction 203
Principle 204
Experimental Setup 205
Results and Discussion 207
Cu(110)-O 207
Ni(110)-H 212
Summary 215
Acknowledgments 216
References 216
Fabrication and Photonic Function of Nanomaterials 219
Organic and Polymer Nanocrystals: Their Optical Properties and Function 221
Introduction 221
Fabrications of Organic and Polymer Nanocrystals 222
Reprecipitation Method and the Related Techniques 222
Size- and Shape-Controlled PDA Nanocrystals 224
Nanocrystallization Processes 225
Crystal Size Dependence of Linear Optical Properties 227
VIS Absorption Spectra of PDA Nanocrystals 227
Fluorescence Emission Spectra of Perylene Nanocrystals 228
Assembled and Hybridized Systems of Organic and Polymer Nanocrystals for Novel Optical Devices 230
Layered Thin Films of PDA Nanocrystals 230
Hetero-Layered Thin Films Composed of PDA Nanocrystals and Metal Nanoparticles 232
Core-Shell Type Hybridized Nanocrystals 233
"Liquid and Crystals" System 235
Concluding Remarks and Future Scope 238
Acknowledgements 238
References 238
Preparation of Phthalocyanine Nanoparticles by Laser Ablation of its Microcrystal Dispersed in Poor Solvents 241
Introduction 241
Laser Ablation Method 242
Nanoparticle Formation by Nanosecond Excimer Laser Irradiation 243
Nanoparticle Formation in Water 243
Nanoparticle Formation Processes 244
Crystalline Phase of Nanoparticle and its Solvent Dependence 247
Nanoparticle Formation by Femtosecond Laser Ablation 249
Summary and Future Perspective 251
References 251
Novel Fabrication Techniques for Nanostructures of Functional Organic Molecules 253
Introduction 253
Surface Modification and Fluoresence Patterning of Poly(Substituted Thiophene) Film by Near-Field Photoexcitation 254
Micropatterning of Anthracene-Bis-Resorcinol Film Using its Inclusion Ability 261
References 265
Thin Epitaxial Oxide Films as Model Systems for Electrocatalysts 267
Introduction 267
Experimental 272
Results and Discussion 274
Conclusions 287
Acknowledgements 287
References 287
Laser Micro-Nanofabrication for Functional Photonic Crystals 291
Introduction 291
Pinpoint Two-Photon Photopolymerization 293
Photochemistry 293
Toward High-Fidelity Laser Prototyping of 3D Photonic Lattices 295
Covalent-Bond Connected Complex Lattices 298
Rapid Production of 3D PHCS by Multi-Beam Interference Patterning 300
The Laser Beam Interference Technology 300
3D Nanonetwork, a New Finding 301
A Combination of 3-Beam and 2-Beam Interference Patterning 303
Two-step 4-Beam Interference 304
Conclusion 305
References 306
Femtosecond Fabrication of Photonic Crystals Inside a Bulk Polymer Material 309
Introduction 309
Methods for Void Generation 310
Fabricating Void Channels in Soild Polymer Material 311
Experimental Setup and Sample Preparation 311
Fabrication and Characterisation 313
No Change Region 313
Index Change Region 313
Void Region 314
Damage Region 315
Void Channel Characterisation 316
Fabrication of Photonic Crystals 318
Two-Dimensional Photonic Crystals 318
Three-Dimensional Photonic Crystals 320
Void Channel Woodpile Structures 320
Fabrication of Photonic Crystal 321
Stop Gap Profiles 323
Engineering Higher-Order Gaps 324
Summary 326
References 326
Polarization Characteristics of Metallic Photonic Crystals in Terahertz Region 329
Introduction 329
Metallic Photonic Crystals 330
THZ Time-Domain Spectroscopy 331
Transimission Property of the 2D-MPC 332
Transmission Spectrum of the 2D-MPC 332
Surface Plasmon-Polariton Modes 333
Relation between Surface Plasmon-Polariton Mode and Transmission Characteristics of the 2D-MPC 335
Polarization Property of the 2D-MPC 337
Polarization Characteristics of the 2D-MPC 337
Dependence of Ellipticity Spectra on Lattice Constant 339
Dependence of Ellipticity Spectra on Incident Angle 339
Dependence of Ellipticity Spectra on Azimuthal Angle 341
Possible Application 344
Conclusion 344
Acknowledgments 345
References 345
Giant Optical Transmission of Nanometer-Scale Apertures 347
Introduction 347
Optimised Surface Structure 351
Applications 357
References 359
Characterization and Control of Nano/Bio Systems 361
Single Molecule Nano-Bioscience 363
Single Molecule Detection Techniques 363
Visualization of Movement of Single Molecules 364
Tightly Coupled Molecular Motors---Kinesin 365
Loosely Coupled Molecular Motors---Myosin 366
Proteins as Working Molecules 369
Visualization of Signaling Processes in Living Cells 370
Conclusions 372
References 372
Pico-Newton Force-Measurement of Biomolecular Interaction using Laser Trapping 375
Introduction 375
Principle of Force Measurement 376
Laser Trapping and its Force 376
Spring Constant for Force Measurement 378
Evanescent Light Illumination for Monitoring Particle Position from a Substrate 379
Experimental Setup for Force Measurement 380
Surface Force Measurement 382
Rupture Force Measurement of a Specific Interaction Bond Between Biomolecules 385
Sample Preparation 385
Rupture Force Measurement of Individual Biotin-Streptavidin Bonds 386
Conclusion 390
References 390
Spectral Microscopy of Live Luminescent Samples 393
Introduction 393
Theory 395
Mapping from RGB Channel Outputs to Coefficients of Basis Spectra 395
Minimum-Negativity Constraint 397
Evaluation of Reconstruction Quality 399
Experiments 400
Samples 400
Results 403
Discussion 408
Acknowledgment 409
References 409
Nonlinear Optical Imaging and Stimulation of Living Cells 411
Introduction 411
Real-Time Two-Photon Fluorescence Microscopy 412
Multifocus Two-Photon Confocal Fluorescencen Microscopy 413
Real-Time Ca2+ Imaging with Two-photon Excitation 415
Real-Time Second Harmonic Generation Microscopy 416
Multifocus SHG Microscopy 417
Real-Time SHG Imaging of Living Cells 418
Optical Stimulation of Living Cells 419
Laser Irradiation and Interactions with Living Cells 419
Stimulation by Photolytic Uncaging of Molecules 420
Calcium Photostimulation without Caged Molecules 422
Mechanisms of Calcium Stimulation 423
Applications of Photostimulation of Ca2+ Waves 425
References 425
Parallel Translation of DNA Clusters by Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VCSEL) Array Trapping 427
Introduction 427
VCSEL Array Trapping 428
Translation of DNA Clusters 430
Stacking of DNA Clusters 432
Future Direction 434
Summary 435
Acknowledgements 435
References 435
Assembling Nano/bio Materials by Utilizing Focused Laser Beams 437
Introduction 437
Principle of Laser Trapping and Laser Manipulation System 438
Principle of Laser Trapping 438
Apparatus for Laser Manipulation 440
Photothermal Patterning of Individual Gold Nanoparticles 440
Fabrication of Protein Crystal Microarrays by Laser Trapping and Laser Bonding Techniques 443
Protein Micro Crystals as a Carrier of Functional Proteins 443
Preparation of Polyhedra: Proteinaceous Occlusion Bodys 445
Bonding Single Polyhedra by UV Pulse Laser 445
Bonding Single Polyhedra by Near IR Femtosecond Laser 448
Summary and Future Perspective 449
References 450
Toward Molecular Nanophotonics 453
Fabrication, Physics, and Chemistry toward Organic Nanophotonics 455
Introduction 455
Single Molecule Spectroscopy in a Functioning Device 457
Fabrication of Single Molecule Charge Injection Device 457
General F-FSMS Methods and Observations 458
Charge Injection and Photooxidation of MEH-PPV 459
Electron Transfer Kinetics 461
Summary 463
References 463
Photonics of Supramolecular Nanosize Structures 465
Introduction 465
Linear and Non-Linear Optical Properties of Supramolecular Nanosize Structures 466
Structure, Dynamic and Optical Properties of Nanosize "Host-Guest" Systems Based on Cyclodextrins 468
Optical Properties of Intramolecular and Intermolecular Complexes of Crown-Containing Styryl Dyes with Metal Cations 473
Linear and Non-Linear Optical Properties of Carbocyanine Dye Aggregates 477
Photochemistry of Supramolecular Nanosize Structures 480
Photoisomerization of the Crown-Containing Styryl Dyes Organized to Supramolecular Systems 480
[2+2|-Photocycloaddition Reaction in Binary Complexes of Crown-Containing Styryl Dyes 481
Photolysis of Solutions of the Bimolecular "Head-to-Head" Type Complexes of Crown-Containing Dyes with Metal Cations 482
Photolysis of Solutions of "Head-to-Tail" Bimolecular Complexes of Benzothiazole and Quinoline Dyes with Metal Cations Con... 482
Using Light and Metal Cations to Control Photochemical Transformations of Styryl Dyes with Two Ionophore Groups 483
Conclusion 483
References 483
Author Index 485
Subject Index 487