Intensive Care Medicine (eBook)

Table of Contents 5
List of Contributors 12
Common Abbreviations 29
Biomarkers 31
The Diagnosis of Sepsis: The Present and The Future 32
Procalcitonin: Nice to Know, Need to know, or Needs Further Research? 39
Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Hormokines as Biomarkers in Severe Infections 51
Novel Biomarkers and the Outcome from Critical Illness and Major Surgery 61
Molecular Approaches to Detection of Bacteria in Critical Care Patients 73
Sepsis and Infection: Management 82
Understanding and Optimizing Outcome in Neonates with Sepsis and Septic Shock 83
Effects of Vasoactive Agents on the Gastrointestinal Microdrculation in Septic Shock 97
Hemodynamic Effects of Activated Protein C in Septic Shock 103
Adrenomedullin in the Treatment of Cardiovascular Dysfunction and Sepsis 109
Antioxidants for the Treatment of Endothelial Dysfunction in Critical Illness 124
Plasma Cortisol: Time to Look Deeper? 134
Glucose Control and Monitoring in the ICU 141
Severe Lung Infections 158
Current Concepts of Severe Pneumococcal Community-acquired Pneumonia 159
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ( RSV) in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit 171
Pneumocystis Pneumonia in Non- AIDS Immunocompromised Patients 183
Mechanisms of Organ Dysfunction 197
The Role of Neutrophil-Derived Myeloperoxidase in Organ Dysfunction and Sepsis 198
Are Mitochondria Responsible for Improved Outcomes in Recent Studies? 213
The Impact of Chronic Disease on Response to Infection 222
Immunomodulatory Effects of General Anesthetics 233
Critical Illness Stress- induced Immune Suppression 242
Transcription Factors and Nuclear Cofactors in Muscle Wasting 254
Organ Dysfunction in the ICU: A Clinical Perspective 263
Lipids 271
Sphingolipid Metabolism in Systemic Inflammation 272
Statins in Sepsis and Acute Lung Injury 290
Potential Mechanisms by which Statins Modulate the Development of Acute Lung Injury 299
Acute Lung Injury 312
Matrix Metalloproteinases in Acute Lung Injury 313
The Role of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor In Lung Injury and Repair 321
Cell Regeneration in Lung Injury 332
The Extracellular Matrix of the Lung: The Forgotten Friend! 342
Mechanical Ventilation 357
Advances in Translaryngeal Tube Technology 358
Is One Fixed Level of Assist Sufficient to Mechanically Ventilate Spontaneously Breathing Patients? 369
Patient-ventilator Interaction During Non-invasive Ventilation with the Helmet Interface 379
Protective Ventilation in Respiratory Failure 389
Dynamic Lung Imaging Techniques in Mechanically Ventilated Patients 390
Can We Protect the Lung from Acute Injury? 400
Rationale for High- Frequency Oscillation as a Primary Lung- Protective Mode in Patients with ALI/ ARDS 407
The Role of Protective Ventilation in Cardiac Surgery Patients 417
Alveolar Pressure/ volume Curves Reflect Regional Lung Mechanics 426
Cardiovascular Topics 434
Cardiovascular Surgery in the Aging World 435
Intensive Care Unit Arrhythmias 449
Diastolic ( Dys) Function in Sepsis 462
Autonomic Dysfunction: A Relevant Component in Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome 473
Hemodynamic Monitoring 486
The Use of Hemodynamic Monitoring to Improve Patient Outcomes 487
Using Mathematical Models to Improve the Utility of Quantitative ICU Data 495
The Meaning of Hemodynamic Monitoring in Patients with Shoclc: Role of Echocardiography 509
Transpulmonary Thermodilution for Advanced Cardiorespiratory Monitoring 517
Using Heart- Lung Interactions for Functional Hemodynamic Monitoring: Important Factors beyond Preload 527
Diagnosis of Central Hypovolemia in a Spontaneously Breathing Patient 536
Assessment of Fluid Responsiveness in Spontaneously Breathing Patients 547
Passive Leg Raising 558
Extravascular Lung Water Measurement 565
Intravenous Fluid Therapy 576
Fluid Management in Sepsis: Colloids or Crystalloids? 577
Balanced Volume Replacement Strategy: Fact or Fiction? 588
Renal Failure 595
Cystatin C as a Marker of Renal Function in Critically III Patients at Risk for or with Acute Renal Failure 596
Adjustment of Antimicrobial Regimen in Critically III Patients Undergoing Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy 605
Abdominal Pathologies 620
Abdominal Compartment Syndrome 621
Gut Absorption Capacity in the Critically III 639
The Liver 652
Critical Illness and the Hepatic Microcirculation: A Review 653
The Hepatic Response to Severe Injury 661
The Management of Liver Trauma 676
The Pathology and Management of Intracranial Hypertension in Acute Liver Failure 688
Subject Index 1030
Neurological Issues 701
Continuous EEG Monitoring in the ICU 702
The Acute and Chronic Management of Large Cerebral Infarcts 714
Cooling Therapies after Neuronal Injury Direct Brain Cooling and Systemic Hypothermia
Non- traumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage 730
Promising Concepts in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage 741
Nitric Oxide Metabolism after Traumatic Brain Injury 748
Modulation of Blood Pressure In Traumatic Brain Injury 757
The Delirious Patient in the ICU 766
Management of Burns 774
Emergency Room and Acute Care of the Critically III Burned Patient 775
Early Manipulation of Metabolic Changes due to Severe Burns in Children 786
Antithrombin in Burn Trauma 799
Hematological Alterations 805
The Critically III Red Blood Cell 806
Red Blood Cell Transfusion in the Pediatric ICU 820
Thrombocytopenia in Intensive Care Patients 830
Point- of- care Coagulation Monitoring: Current Status of Viscoelastic Techniques 841
Monitoring of Hemostasis in Emergency Medicine 854
Oral Anticoagulant Overdose and Bleeding Risk 868
Does Sex Make a Difference? 873
Insight into the Mechanism of Gender- specific Response to Trauma- hemorrhage 874
Sex- Related Differences in Response to Global Ischemic Insult and Treatment 885
Influence of Gender on Outcome of Severe Sepsis 894
Prognosis and Long-term Outcomes 902
The Changing Prognostic Determinants in the Critically III Patient 903
Chronic Critical Illness 912
To be or not to be ... Vegetative 922
Quality and Management 930
Intermediate Respiratory Care Units 931
The Impact of Noise in the Intensive Care Unit 944
Alarms: Transforming a Nuisance into a Reliable Tool 952
Ethical and Legal Dilemmas in Accessing Critical Care Services 960
Emergency Care for the VIP Patient 971
Brain Death: Compliance, Consequences and Care of the Adult Donor 978
Disasters 988
Update on Avian Influenza for Critical Care Physicians 989
Critical Care Pandemic Preparedness Primer 999
Pathobiology of Blast Injury 1011
Personal Reflections on Emergency Preparedness and the Response to A Major Natural Disaster: Hurricane Katrina 1023
Subject Index 1030