Grapevine Molecular Physiology & Biotechnology (eBook)

PROLEGOMENA 6
CONTENTS 8
CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS 23
1 GRAPE BUD DORMANCY RELEASE – THE MOLECULAR ASPECT 35
1. THE GROWTH CYCLE OF GRAPEVINE 35
2. THE IMPORTANCE OF DORMANCY RELEASE FOR COMMERCIAL GRAPE PRODUCTION 36
3. THE NEED FOR A MECHANISTIC UNDERSTANDING OF DORMANCY RELEASE 37
4. THE EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEMS USED TO STUDY DORMANCY RELEASE OF GRAPE BUDS 38
5. THE USE OF MOLECULAR TOOLS TO STUDY DORMANCY RELEASE OF GRAPE BUDS 40
5.1. Identification of alterations in the expression of selected genes in response to artificially induced dormancy release 40
5.2. The use of bud expressed sequence tags (EST) collections to identify changes in the bud trancriptome during dormancy release 41
5.3. Comparative analysis of the effect of different artificial stimuli of dormancy release on changes in gene expression 47
5.4. Artificially induced dormancy release current working hypothesis
5.5. Potential similarity in the response to natural and artificial stimuli: lessons from transcript profiling during chilling-induced dormancy release 56
6. CONCLUDING REMARKS 58
REFERENCES 58
2 GRAPEVINE & SULFUR: OLD PARTNERS, NEW ACHIEVEMENTS
1. INTRODUCTION 64
1.1. The central role of sulfur in biological functions 64
1.2. Sulfur nutrition and plant defense against pathogens 65
2. SULFATE AS THE MAIN SULFUR SOURCE 67
2.1. Grapevine sulfate uptake and sulfate transporters 67
3. SULFATE ASSIMILATION 71
3.1. Enzymatic milestones 72
3.2. Grapevine genes for sulfur assimilation enzymes 74
4. CONCLUDING REMARKS 78
Acknowledgements 80
REFERENCES 81
3 GRAPE BERRY MINERAL COMPOSITION IN RELATION TO VINE WATER STATUS & LEAF AREA/FRUIT RATIO
1. INTRODUCTION 86
2. VINE WATER STATUS 88
3. SOURCE-SINK RELATIONSHIPS 89
4. BERRY GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT 90
5. MINERAL NUTRIENTS 91
5.1.Potassium 92
5.2. Calcium 95
5.3. Magnesium 97
5.4. Sodium 98
6. GRAPE BERRY TRANSLOCATION OF MINERAL NUTRIENTS 99
REFERENCES 101
4 WATER TRANSPORT & AQUAPORINS IN GRAPEVINE
1. INTRODUCTION 106
2. CAPACITY OF ROOTS AND SHOOTS TO TRANSPORT WATER 108
2.2. Soil-to-root conductance 109
2.3. Water transport across the root 110
2.4. Xylem transport and embolism 113
2.5. Leaf conductances and the role of ABA 114
3. WATER MANAGEMENT AND GRAPE QUALITY 116
4. BERRY WATER RELATIONS 117
4.1. Berry water relations during the stages of development 117
4.2. A hypothesis for berry weight loss 120
5. AQUAPORINS 120
5.1. Aquaporin structure and selectivity 121
5.2. Regulation of aquaporins 122
5.3. Grapevine aquaporins 124
5.4. Functional studies of grapevine aquaporins 125
5.5. Expression in planta 126
5.6. Aquaporin expression in response to water stress 127
6. SUMMARY 128
Acknowledgements 129
REFERENCES 129
5 SUGAR TRANSPORT & SUGAR SENSING IN GRAPE
1. INTRODUCTION 138
2. PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF SUGAR ACCUMULATION 139
3. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF SUGAR TRANSPORTERS 143
3.1. Monosaccharide transporters (MSTs) 143
3.2. Sucrose transporters (DSTs) 147
4. SUGAR SENSING AND REGULATION OF TRANSPORTERS 150
4.1. Sugar regulation of sugar transport 150
4.2. Sugars and production of phenolic compounds 155
4.3. Sugar, hormonal and environmental signalling cross-talk 157
5. PERSPECTIVES 160
REFERENCES 161
6 ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE GENES & PROTEINS IN GRAPEVINE
1. INTRODUCTION 173
2. MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF ADH GENES AND PROTEINS FROM GRAPEVINE 174
3. EXPRESSION OF ADH 176
3.1. Expression of ADH in grapevine organs 177
3.2. Expression of ADH in developing grape berries 178
4. REGULATION OF ADH EXPRESSION 178
4.1. Involvement of ethylene signalling 178
4.2. Functioning of ADH promoters and 3. ending regions 180
5. IMPORTANCE OF THE ADH FUNCTION IN GRAPEVINE 183
5.1. In leaves 183
5.2. In berries 188
6. CONCLUSIONS 189
Acknowledgements 189
REFERENCES 189
7 ADVANCEMENTS IN NITROGEN METABOLISM IN GRAPEVINE 193
1. INTRODUCTION 193
2. NITROGEN USE 194
2.1. Reduction of nitrate 195
2.2. Ammonium assimilation 196
3. REGULATION OF AMMONIA ASSIMILATING ENZYMES BY NITROGEN SOURCE IN GRAPEVINE 225
4. FUTURE PERSPECTIVES 227
REFERENCES 229
8 POLYAMINES IN GRAPEVINE: An Update 238
1. INTRODUCTION 238
2. POLYAMINE TITERS DURING GRAPEVINE DEVELOPMENT 239
3. PUTRESCINE COINCIDES WITH HIGH PHOTOSYNTHETIC EFFICIENCY 241
4. POLYAMINE ANABOLISM IN GRAPEVINE 241
5. POLYAMINE CATABOLISM IN GRAPEVINE 243
6. POLYAMINES AND OSMOTIC STRESS 243
7. POLYAMINE METABOLISM AND RESISTANCE RESPONSES 246
8. ABA ALTERS POLYAMINE METABOLISM 251
FUTURE PERSPECTIVES 256
REFERENCES 256
9 HORMONAL CONTROL OF GRAPE BERRY RIPENING 260
1. INTRODUCTION 260
2. PROMOTERS OF RIPENING 262
3. INHIBITORS OF RIPENING 280
4. INTERACTION BETWEEN HORMONES 285
5. CONCLUDING REMARKS 285
Acknowledgments 287
REFERENCES 287
10 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF ANTHOCYANIN ACCUMULATION IN GRAPE BERRIES 293
1. INTRODUCTION 293
2. THE MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF ANTHOCYANIN ACCUMULATION IN GRAPE 294
3. CONCLUDING REMARKS 317
Acknowledgments 317
REFERENCES 317
11 THE PRODUCTION OF FLAVOUR & AROMA COMPOUNDS IN GRAPE BERRIES
1. INTRODUCTION 323
2. TERPENOIDS 326
3. NORISOPRENOIDS 333
4. AROMATIC COMPOUNDS 337
5. ALIPHATIC VOLATILE COMPOUNDS 344
6. ORGANO-SULFUR COMPOUNDS 350
7. METHOXYPYRAZINES 356
8. CONCLUDING REMARKS 359
REFERENCES 360
12 PHYSIOLOGY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF GRAPEVINE STILBENES: An Update
1. INTRODUCTION 371
2. GRAPEVINE INDUCED STILBENES (PHYTOALEXINS) AND THEIR BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC ELICITORS 372
3. GRAPEVINE CONSTITUTIVE STILBENES 385
4. MOLECULAR AND BIOTECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF STILBENE SYNTHESIS IN GRAPEVINES 385
REFERENCES 388
13 BIOCHEMICAL & MOLECULAR ASPECTS OF FLAVAN-3-OL SYNTHESIS DURING BERRY DEVELOPMENT
1. INTRODUCTION 395
2. FACTORS AFFECTING FLAVAN-3-OL COMPOSITION IN GRAPEVINE 397
3. MOLECULAR ASPECTS OF PROANTHOCYANIDIN BIOSYNTHESIS 401
REFERENCES 413
14 BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF GRAPEVINE PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS 419
1. INTRODUCTION 419
2. ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY 420
3. PROTECTION FROM CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES 424
4. ANTICARCINOGENIC ACTIVITY 427
5. ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY 430
REFERENCES 431
15 MOLECULAR ASPECTS OF GRAPEVINEPATHOGENIC FUNGI INTERACTIONS 436
1. INTRODUCTION 436
2. MAIN GRAPEVINE FUNGAL OR OOMYCETEINDUCED DISEASES 436
3. GRAPEVINE RESISTANCE GENES ANALOGS 438
4. ELICITORS ACTIVE ON GRAPEVINE 441
5. EARLY CELLULAR EVENTS IN DEFENSE REACTIONS 443
6. GRAPEVINE PR-PROTEIN GENES 444
7. GRAPEVINE PHYTOALEXINS BIOSYNTHESIS AND METABOLISM 448
8. CONCLUSIONS 451
REFERENCES 451
16 PROGRESS IN GRAPEVINE PROTOPLAST TECHNOLOGY 458
1. INTRODUCTION 458
2. ISOLATION, ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY AND CULTURE OF GRAPEVINE PROTOPLASTS 459
3. RECALCITRANCE 462
4. APPLICATIONS OF PROTOPLAST TECHNOLOGY 479
5. CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES 483
REFERENCES 485
17 STRATEGIES FOR EFFECTIVE SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS IN GRAPEVINE: An appraisal 490
1. INTRODUCTION 490
2. PROTOCOLS FOR SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS AND RELATED ASPECTS 491
3. CONVERSION OF SOMATIC EMBRYOS INTO PLANTLETS 502
4. ADVANCES IN UNDERSTANDING AND CHARACTERIZING GRAPE SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS 507
5. EXPLOITATION OF SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS POTENTIAL IN GENETICS, BREEDING AND SANITARY IMPROVEMENT OF GRAPE 512
6. CONCLUSIONS 514
REFERENCES 515
18 RECENT TRENDS IN GRAPEVINE GENETIC ENGINEERING 523
1. INTRODUCTION 523
2. IMPROVEMENT OF TRANSFORMATION PROTOCOLS 523
3. STATE OF-THE-ART OF TRANSGENIC GRAPEVINES 528
4. RESULTS FROM FIELD TRIALS 531
5. NEW APPLICATIONS OF GRAPEVINE TRANSFORMATION 532
REFERENCES 533
19 PROGRESS IN GENETIC ENGINEERING OF GRAPEVINE FOR DISEASE & STRESS TOLERANCE
1. INTRODUCTION 537
2. GRAPE BIODIVERSITY 538
3. BASIC TERMS IN GENETICS OF HOST/PATHOGEN INTERACTION 539
4. ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF GENETIC TRANSFORMATION 541
5. GENETIC TRANSFORMATION IN GRAPE FOR IMPROVED TOLERANCE TOWARD BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC STRESS 543
6. CO-TRANSFORMATION AS AN ADVANCED APPROACH FOR INTEGRATION OF MULTIPLE GENES TO CONFER FOR DISEASE TOLERANCE IN GRAPE 555
7. CONCLUDING REMARKS 556
REFERENCES 556
20 MOLECULAR MAPS, QTL MAPPING & ASSOCIATION MAPPING IN GRAPEVINE
1. LINKAGE MAPPING 562
2. TARGET TRAITS 568
3. MAPPING AND TAGGING OF MAJOR GENES 570
4. QTL MAPPING 574
5. FROM QTLs TO UNDERLYING GENES 580
6. MARKER-ASSISTED SELECTION (MAS) 581
7. ASSOCIATION MAPPING IN GRAPEVINE 583
REFERENCES 586
21 MICROSATELLITE MARKERS FOR GRAPEVINE: TOOLS FOR CULTIVAR IDENTIFICATION & PEDIGREE RECONSTRUCTION
1. INTRODUCTION 591
2. IDENTIFICATION OF CULTIVARS OF VITIS VINIFERA AND ROOTSTOCKS FROM VITIS SPECIES 595
3. SYNONYMS 598
4. CLONAL LINES, SOMATIC MUTANTS AND CHIMERISM 600
5. PEDIGREE RECONSTRUCTION 601
6. GENETIC STUDIES OF THE ORIGIN AND DIVERSITY OF EUROPEAN CULTIVARS 607
7. CHLOROPLAST SSR MARKERS 609
8. GENETIC DATABASES OF SSR PROFILES 612
9. CONCLUSIONS 613
REFERENCES 614
AUTHOR INDEX 623
SUBJECT INDEX 625