Handbook of Artificial Intelligence in Education

Edited by Benedict du Boulay, Emeritus Professor of Artificial Intelligence, University of Sussex, UK, Antonija Mitrovic, Professor, Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, University of Canterbury, New Zealand and Kalina Yacef, Associate Professor of Computer Science, University of Sydney, Australia

Contents:

Foreword xii

PART I SCENE SETTING
1 Introduction 2
Benedict du Boulay, Antonija Mitrovic and Kalina Yacef
2 The history of artificial intelligence in education – the first quarter century 10
Gordon McCalla

PART II THEORIES UNDERPINNING AIED
3 The role and function of theories in AIED 31
Stellan Ohlsson
4 Theories of metacognition and pedagogy applied to AIED systems 45
Roger Azevedo and Megan Wiedbusch
5 Theories of affect, meta-affect, and affective pedagogy 68
Ivon Arroyo, Kaśka Porayska-Pomsta and Kasia Muldner
6 Scrutable AIED 101
Judy Kay, Bob Kummerfeld, Cristina Conati, Kaśka Porayska-Pomsta and Ken Holstein

PART III THE ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN OF AIED SYSTEMS
7 Domain modeling for AIED systems with connections to modeling student knowledge: a review 127
Vincent Aleven, Jonathan Rowe, Yun Huang and Antonija Mitrovic
8 Student modeling in open-ended learning environments 170
Cristina Conati and Sébastien Lallé
9 Six instructional approaches supported in AIED systems 184
Vincent Aleven, Manolis Mavrikis, Bruce M. McLaren, Huy A. Nguyen, Jennifer Olsen and Nikol Rummel
10 Theory-driven design of AIED systems for enhanced interaction and problem-solving 229
Susanne Lajoie and Shan Li
11 Deeper learning through interactions with students in natural language 250
Vasile Rus, Andrew M. Olney and Arthur C. Graesser
12 Authoring tools to build AIED systems 273
Stephen Blessing, Stephen B. Gilbert and Steven Ritter

PART IV ANALYTICS
13 Continuous student modeling for programming in the classroom: challenges, methods, and evaluation 287
Ye Mao, Samiha Marwan, Preya Shabrina, Yang Shi, Thomas W. Price, Min Chi and Tiffany Barnes
14 Human–AI co-orchestration: the role of artificial intelligence in orchestration 309
Ken Holstein and Jennifer Olsen
15 Using learning analytics to support teachers 322
Stanislav Pozdniakov, Roberto Martinez-Maldonado, Shaveen Singh, Hassan Khosravi and Dragan Gašević
16 Predictive modeling of student success 350
Christopher Brooks, Vitomir Kovanović and Quan Nguyen
17 Social analytics to support engagement with learning communities 370
Carolyn Rosé, Meredith Riggs and Nicole Barbaro

PART V AIED SYSTEMS IN USE
18 Intelligent systems for psychomotor learning: A systematic review and two cases of study 390
Alberto Casas-Ortiz, Jon Echeverria and Olga C. Santos
19 Artificial intelligence techniques for supporting face-to-face and online collaborative learning 422
Roberto Martinez-Maldonado, Anouschka van Leeuwen and Zachari Swiecki
20 Digital learning games in artificial intelligence in education (AIED): a review 440
Bruce M. McLaren and Huy A. Nguyen
21 Artificial intelligence-based assessment in education 487
Ying Fang, Rod D. Roscoe and Danielle S. McNamara
22 Evaluations with AIEd systems 507
Kurt VanLehn
23 Large-scale commercialization of AI in school-based environments 526
Steven Ritter and Kenneth R. Koedinger
24 Small-scale commercialisation: the golden triangle of AI EdTech 539
Rosemary Luckin and Mutlu Cukurova
25 Critical perspectives on AI in education: political economy, discrimination, commercialization, governance and ethics 555
Ben Williamson, Rebecca Eynon, Jeremy Knox and Huw Davies
26 The ethics of AI in education 573
Kaśka Porayska-Pomsta, Wayne Holmes and Selena Nemorin

PART VI THE FUTURE
27 The great challenges and opportunities of the next 20 years 608
1. AIED and equity 608
Maria Mercedes T. Rodrigo
2. Engaging learners in the age of information overload 610
Julita Vassileva
3. Pedagogical agents for all: designing virtual characters for inclusion and diversity in STEM 613
H. Chad Lane
4. Intelligent textbooks 616
Peter Brusilovsky and Sergey Sosnovsky
5. AI-empowered open-ended learning environments in STEM domains 620
Gautam Biswas
6. Ubiquitous-AIED: pervasive AI learning technologies 626
James C. Lester
7. Culture, ontology and learner modeling 629
Riichiro Mizoguchi
8. Crowdsourcing paves the way for personalized learning 632
Ethan Prihar and Neil Heffernan
9. AIED in developing countries: breaking seven WEIRD assumptions in the global learning XPRIZE field study 635
Jack Mostow
10. The future of learning assessment 639
Claude Frasson
11. Intelligent mentoring systems: tapping into AI to deliver the next generation of digital learning 642
Vania Dimitrova

Index 653