Heterogeneity in the Crust and Upper Mantle

1. Ductile Instabilities and Structural Heterogeneity in the Lower Crust.- 1.1. Introduction.- 1.2. Geological Example: Mt. Hay Region, Arunta Block, Central Australia.- 1.3. Structural Heterogeneity and Competency Contrast.- 1.4. Mechanical Instabilities: The Link Between Competency Contrast, Patterns of Deformation, and Heterogeneity.- 1.5. High Strain and the Destruction of the Structures that Record Mechanical Instabilities.- 1.6. Interpretation of Complexly Deformed Rocks: Mt. Hay Region, Australia.- 1.7. Summary.- 1.8. Appendix.- 1.9. References.- 2. Petrological Causes of Seismic Heterogeneity in the Continental Crust.- 2.1. Introduction.- 2.2. Crustal Composition and Compositional Evolution.- 2.3. Rock Properties.- 2.4. Seismic Heterogeneity of Igneous Rocks.- 2.5. Seismic Heterogeneities of Metamorphic Rocks.- 2.6. Anisotropy.- 2.7. Results from Boreholes.- 2.8. Reflectivity.- 2.9. Conclusions.- 2.10. References.- 3. Seismic Modeling of Lower and Mid-Crustal Structure as Exemplified by the Massiccio dei Laghi (Ivrea-Verbano Zone and Serie dei Laghi) Crustal Section, Northwestern Italy.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. Summary of the Regional Geology.- 3.3. Deterministic Forward Seismic Modeling.- 3.4. Discussion.- 3.5. Conclusions.- 3.6. References.- 4. Comparison of Geologic and Seismic Structure of the Uppermost Fast-Spreading Oceanic Crust: Insights From a Crustal Cross-Section at the Hess Deep Rift.- 4.1. Introduction.- 4.2. Tectonic Window at the Hess Deep Rift.- 4.3. Geology of the Uppermost Oceanic Crust at Hess Deep.- 4.4. Interpretation of Upper Crustal Geology and Implications for Processes at the EPR.- 4.5. Physical Properties of Upper Crustal Rock Units.- 4.6. Correlation of Geologic Units and Seismic Layers.- 4.7. Conclusions.- 4.8. References.- 5. A Generic Model for the 1/f-Nature of Seismic Velocity Fluctuations.- 5.1. Introduction.- 5.2. Stochastic Nature of Fault-Induced Seismic Velocity Fluctuations.- 5.3. Generalized Model for 1/f-Scaling of Seismic Velocity Fluctuations.- 5.4. Hyperbolic Scaling in Space.- 5.5. Empirical Evidence: Joint Interpretation of the KTB Lithology and Sonic Logs.- 5.6. Conclusions.- 5.7. References.- 6. Fractures and Physical Heterogeneity in Crustal Rock.- 6.1. Introduction.- 6.2. Power Law Scaling in Crustal Fracture Systems.- 6.3. Physical Analogues for Power-Law Scaling in Crustal Rock.- 6.4. Modeling Power-Law Scaling Crustal Fracture Systems.- 6.5. Discussion: Reservoir Modeling.- 6.6. Conclusions.- 6.7. References.- 7. Statistical Characterization of Spatial Variability in Sedimentary Rock.- 7.1. Introduction.- 7.2. Reproducible Statistical Features of Sedimentary Rock.- 7.3. Statistical Models for Spatial Variability.- 7.4. Comparison with Data.- 7.5. Summary and Conclusions.- 7.6. References.- 8. Multifractal Modeling and Analyses of Crustal Heterogeneity.- 8.1. Introduction.- 8.2. Construction and Properties of Multifractals.- 8.3. Multifractal Analyses of Borehole Logs and Fracture Patterns.- 8.4. Conclusions.- 8.5. Appendix.- 8.6. References.- 9. Seismic Imaging of Lower Crustal Heterogeneity.- 9.1. Introduction.- 9.2. Effects of Acquisition.- 9.3. Effects of Processing.- 9.4. Effects of the Transmission Path.- 9.5. Discussion.- 9.6. Conclusions.- 9.7. References.- 10. The Heterogeneity of the Crust and its Effect on Seismic Wide-Angle Reflection Fields.- 10.1. Introduction.- 10.2. The Evolution of our Perception of the Structure of the Earth’s Crust.- 10.3. Seismic Wide-Angle Reflection Record Sections.- 10.4. Discussion.- 10.5. Conclusions.- 10.6. References.- 11.Heterogeneities of the Uppermost Mantle Inferred From Controlled-Source Seismology.- 11.1. Introduction.- 11.2. Studies of Lithospheric Scattering.- 11.3.Pn/SnWave Propagation.- 11.4. Modeling the Long-RangePn.- 11.5. Discussion and Conclusions.- 11.6. References.- 12. The Nature of Crustal Seismic Heterogeneity: A Case Study From the Grenville Province.- 12.1. Introduction.- 12.2. Geologic Heterogeneity: Description, Sources and Scales.- 12.3. Spatial Bandwidth, Noise and Spatial Properties of the Reflection Wavefield.- 12.4. Spatial Attribute Mapping.- 12.5. Crustal Heterogeneity in the Grenville Province of Eastern Quebec.- 12.6. Discussion.- 12.7. References.- 13. Spatial Coherences of Seismic Data and the Application to Characterization of Stochastic Heterogeneities.- 13.1. Introduction.- 13.2. Observations on Amplitude and Phase Fluctuations and their Coherences.- 13.3. Theoretical Basis of Coherence Analysis and Inversion.- 13.4. Inversion for Statistical Characteristics of Earth Heterogeneities.- 13.5. Conclusions.- 13.6. References.