Cloud Computing for Enterprise Architectures (eBook)

Cloud Computing for Enterprise Architectures 3
Foreword 7
Preface 9
Overview and Goals 9
Organization and Features 9
Target Audiences 10
Suggested Uses 10
Acknowledgements 11
Contents 13
Contributors 15
Part I: Concepts and Principles 19
Chapter 1: Cloud Computing for Enterprise Architectures: Concepts, Principles and Approaches 20
1.1 Introduction 20
1.2 Cloud Computing 22
1.2.1 Characteristics, Promise and Benefits 22
1.2.2 Deployment Approaches 23
1.2.2.1 Software as a Service (SaaS) 24
1.2.2.2 Platform as a Service (PaaS) 25
1.2.2.3 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) 26
1.2.2.4 Extended Frameworks 26
1.2.3 Issues and Challenges 27
1.2.4 Cloud Technologies 27
1.3 Enterprise Architectures 29
1.3.1 Enterprise Architecture Frameworks 29
1.4 Cloud Computing and Enterprise Architectures 30
1.4.1 The Way Forward 32
1.5 Conclusion 34
References 34
Chapter 2: Enterprise Architecture Fundamentals 37
2.1 Introduction 37
2.2 Aligning Business and Technological Needs 38
2.3 Towards a Framework for EA 39
2.4 Service-Oriented Architecture 40
2.5 Some Definitions 41
2.5.1 What Is an Architecture? 41
2.5.2 What Is an Enterprise? 42
2.5.3 Enterprise Architecture 42
2.6 Towards an EA Typology 44
2.6.1 IT-Centric EA 44
2.6.2 Business Process-Centric Enterprise Architecture 46
2.6.3 Governance-Centric Enterprise Architecture 47
2.7 Assessing the Benefits of Enterprise Architecture 47
2.7.1 EA Contributions for the Business 48
2.7.2 EA Contributions for IT Infrastructure 52
2.8 Discussion 55
2.8.1 EA Contributions to SOA 55
2.8.2 SOA Contributions to EA 56
2.9 Conclusion 56
References 56
Chapter 3: Cloud Computing Business Models 58
3.1 Introduction 58
3.2 Business Models and the Cloud Layers 59
3.3 Cloud Computing Layers 60
3.4 Business Models of the Cloud 62
3.5 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) 63
3.6 IaaS Variants 65
3.7 Platform as a Service (PaaS) 67
3.8 Software as a Service (SaaS) 68
3.9 The Cloud and the Evolving Relationships 71
3.10 Conclusion 73
References 74
Chapter 4: The Convergence of Enterprise Architecture (EA) and Cloud Computing 76
4.1 Introduction 77
4.2 Next Generation Enterprises: The IT Requirements 77
4.2.1 Next-Generation Service Delivery Networks 79
4.3 Elucidating the Evolving Cloud Idea 80
4.3.1 The Cloud Realization Technologies 82
4.3.2 The Cloud-Induced Innovations on Enterprise Architecture 83
4.3.3 Why Cloud Enablement? 84
4.3.4 Implementing Smarter Environments via Clouds 85
4.3.5 Application Domains 85
4.4 Enterprise Architecture and Cloud Computing 86
4.4.1 Briefing Enterprise Architecture (EA) 86
4.4.2 The Cloud Implications 88
4.4.3 Cloud Processes 89
4.4.4 Event-Driven Business Processes 90
4.4.5 Communication-Enabled Business Processes (CEBP) 90
4.4.6 Cloud-Impacted Business Processes 91
4.5 A Strategy for Establishing Enterprise Private Clouds 91
4.5.1 Why Private Clouds? 93
4.6 Cloud-Enabled Enterprise Communications 94
4.6.1 Virtualization for the Communication Industry 95
4.6.2 Cloud Inspires the UC Paradigm 96
4.6.3 Communication as a Service (CaaS) 96
4.7 Cloud-Enablement Strategy 97
4.7.1 Cloud-Enabled Enterprise: The Transition Methodology 97
4.7.1.1 Service Categorization 97
4.7.1.2 Service Selection 98
4.7.1.3 Service Selection Attributes for Cloud-Based Delivery 98
4.7.1.4 Right Services for Clouds: The Selection Approach 98
4.7.2 Cloud Participation 99
4.7.3 Contract in the Cloud 99
4.7.3.1 Cloud Contract Characteristics 100
4.7.3.2 Leveraging EA Frameworks for Cloud Strategy 100
4.7.3.3 Role of EA in Defining the Contracts with CSPs and CSBs 101
4.8 Conclusion 101
References 102
Part II: Approaches and Frameworks 103
Chapter 5: Component-Based Development for Cloud Computing Architectures 104
5.1 Introduction 104
5.2 Background and Characteristics of Cloud Computing 106
5.3 Cloud Services 109
5.4 Service-Oriented Component Architectures 110
5.5 Characteristics of Service-Oriented Systems for the Cloud 111
5.6 Development Process Model for Cloud Applications 112
5.7 Best Practice Software Design Guidelines 114
5.8 Component Model for Cloud Applications and Services 116
5.8.1 Component Model and Design Guidelines for Security in Cloud Computing 117
5.8.2 Component Model and Design Guidelines for Software as a Service (SaaS) 118
5.8.3 Component Model and Design Guidelines for Platform as a Service (PaaS) 120
5.8.4 Component Model and Design Guidelines for Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) 121
5.8.5 Component Composition for Amazon Cloud Architecture 123
5.9 Conclusion 126
References 126
Chapter 6: Identity and Access Management in Cloud Computing 128
6.1 Introduction 129
6.2 Cloud Computing Market 129
6.3 Related Work 130
6.4 Proposed Identity and Access Management (IAM) Model 134
6.4.1 Analysis and Design 134
6.4.1.1 Access Control E nforcement Unit (ACEU) 134
6.4.1.2 Access Contro l Decision Unit (ACDU) 135
6.4.1.3 User Registration 136
6.4.1.4 User Login 137
6.4.1.5 Kerberos Authentication 138
6.4.1.6 Access Granting 139
6.4.2 Defining Policies in XML 139
6.4.2.1 XML Permission Sheet 139
6.4.2.2 XML Credential Type Definition (XCredTypeDef) 141
6.4.2.3 XML Role Sheet (XRS) 141
6.4.2.4 XML Permission Role Assignment (XPRA) 141
6.4.2.5 XML User Role Assignment (XURA) 143
6.5 Deployment Plan 143
6.6 Conclusion 145
References 145
Chapter 7: A Cloud Architecture for Educational Enterprises: A Case Study in Robotics 147
7.1 Introduction 148
7.2 Overview of Virtualization 149
7.3 The REAL Cloud Platform 150
7.4 REAL Cloud Implementation 155
7.4.1 Workflow Management System Architecture 156
7.4.2 Workflow Specifications 157
7.4.3 SIG Scheduler Layer 158
7.4.4 SLA Manager Layer 158
7.4.5 Workflow Engine Layer 158
7.5 Platform Design and Implementation 159
7.6 Experiments and Results 161
7.7 Conclusions 166
References 168
Chapter 8: Cloud Computing : An Enabler in Developing Business Models for Global Enterprises 170
8.1 Introduction 171
8.1.1 Benefits of Cloud Computing 171
8.2 Cloud Computing from Enterprises’ Perspective 172
8.2.1 Cloud Development Models 172
8.3 What Is New in the Cloud? 172
8.3.1 Cloud Computing as a Collaborative Technology 173
8.3.2 Data-Intensive Applications 173
8.3.3 Business Applications 174
8.3.4 Need for Business Models 174
8.3.5 Integration of Components in Cloud Computing 175
8.3.6 Storage of Data in Cloud Computing 175
8.3.7 Virtual Reality 176
8.4 Case Study 176
8.4.1 Macro-level Design for Engineering Design and Bill of Materials Models 177
8.4.2 Virtual Reality in Cloud Computing Environment 178
8.4.3 Vendors in Cloud Computing Environment 179
8.4.4 Device Management 179
8.4.5 Cloud Computing in Roa Auto Model 179
8.4.6 Development of a New Product in Roa Motors Ltd. 179
8.4.7 Summary of the Development of Roa Auto Model 180
8.5 Conclusion 180
References 182
Chapter 9: Using Common Logic to Provide a Semantic Enterprise Architecture Framework for Cloud Computing 183
9.1 Introduction 183
9.2 Formalising the Enterprise Architecture 185
9.2.1 A Common Toolset and a Common Language 185
9.2.2 Gathering Knowledge Across the Enterprise 186
9.3 The Advantages of a Semantic Service-Oriented Architecture 187
9.3.1 Service Description and Discovery 187
9.3.2 Semantic Business Process Management 187
9.4 TOGAF : The Upper-Ontology of OpenSEA 188
9.5 Common Logic : The Meta-Ontology of OpenSEA 188
9.6 The Extended Ontology 189
9.6.1 Stability and Agility 191
9.6.2 Formalising TOGAF 192
9.7 Conclusion 192
References 193
Part III: Issues and Challenges 194
Chapter 10: The Cloud Challenges for Enterprise Architects 195
10.1 Introduction 196
10.2 Next-Generation Cloud Services 196
10.2.1 Next-Generation Infrastructures for Cloud Enterprises 197
10.2.2 Cloud Infrastructure Evaluation Parameters 199
10.2.3 Characteristics of Responsible Cloud Infrastructure 200
10.2.4 Key Resources in Cloud Infrastructure Management 201
10.2.5 Identity Management Suite for Cloud Enterprises 202
10.3 The Impact of Cloud Computing on the Service Industry 203
10.3.1 Characteristics of Optimized Cloud Infrastructures 205
10.3.1.1 Standardization, Simplification, and Modularization 205
10.3.1.2 Virtualization 205
10.3.1.3 Automated Management System 205
10.3.1.4 Availability and Security 206
10.4 Cloud Issues for Enterprise Architects 206
10.4.1 Capabilities of Cloud Management Solutions 208
10.4.2 Service-Oriented Cloud Computing Architectures 208
10.4.3 SOCCA Layers 209
10.4.3.1 Individual Cloud Provider Layer 209
10.4.3.2 Cloud Ontology Mapping Layer 210
10.4.3.3 Cloud Broker Layer 210
10.4.3.4 SOA Layer 210
10.5 Approaches for Cloud Enablement 210
10.5.1 Bottom-Up Approach 210
10.5.2 Top-Down Approach 211
10.5.3 TOGAF 211
10.6 Conclusion 213
References 213
Chapter 11: Service Level Agreements in Cloud Computing : Perspectives of Private Consumers and Small-to-Medium Enterprises 215
11.1 Introduction 215
11.2 Dissecting Cloud SLAs 219
11.2.1 Subject Terms 219
11.2.2 Scope of Rights 219
11.2.3 Financial Terms 220
11.2.4 Representation 221
11.2.5 Service Credits, Credit Requests, and Compensation Procedures 221
11.2.6 Evolution and Support Terms 221
11.2.7 Warranty 222
11.2.8 Indemnification 222
11.2.9 Limitation of Liability 223
11.3 Data Concerns in Cloud SLAs: Co-existence and Balance 223
11.3.1 Data Security , Privacy , and Transparency Issues 223
11.3.2 Resolving Data Concerns in Cloud Computing 225
11.4 Stimulating Cloud Adoption: SLAs as Catalyst for Trust 226
11.4.1 Trust and Legal Protective Measures 226
11.4.2 Understanding and Technological Approaches for Brokering Trust 228
11.5 Extent of Legal Mechanisms in Protecting Users 229
11.5.1 Protection Ex Post and Practical Problems 229
11.5.2 Enforcement of Decisions and Practical Proposals 230
11.6 Conclusion 231
References 231
Chapter 12: Enterprise HPC on the Clouds 234
12.1 Introduction 235
12.2 Adoption Issues 236
12.2.1 Security 236
12.2.2 Performance 237
12.2.3 Availability 238
12.2.4 Integration and Interoperability 239
12.2.5 Customization 240
12.3 Related Research 240
12.3.1 Performance Studies 240
12.3.1.1 Performance Studies on the Xen Hypervisor 241
12.3.1.2 Performance Benchmarks on Amazon EC2 242
12.3.1.3 HPC Workflow Performance Evaluation on Amazon EC2 245
12.3.2 Scheduling Studies 246
12.3.2.1 Hybrid Cloud Scheduling Studies 246
12.3.2.2 Public Cloud Scheduling Studies 249
12.4 Implementations 250
12.4.1 Amazon EC2 Cluster Compute and Cluster GPU 250
12.4.2 Penguin on Demand 251
12.5 Conclusion 251
References 252
Part IV: Further Research and Studies 254
Chapter 13: Cloud Computing and the Emerging Market 255
13.1 Background 255
13.1.1 The Aim of This Chapter 256
13.2 Introduction 256
13.3 Delivery Models 257
13.4 Marketing Strategy 258
13.5 Target Markets 259
13.6 Major Risk: Security 259
13.7 Value Proposition 261
13.8 Clients and Vendors 261
13.9 Quality of Service 262
13.10 Marketing Campaign 263
13.11 Implementation 264
13.12 Conclusion 265
References 266
Chapter 14: Fair Non-repudiation Framework for Cloud Storage: Part I 268
14.1 Introduction 268
14.2 Background 270
14.2.1 Existing Platforms for Cloud Storage 271
14.2.2 Other Architectures for Secure Cloud Storage 272
14.2.3 Related Non-repudiation Protocols 272
14.2.3.1 Notation and Definitions 273
14.2.3.2 Non-repudiation Protocols 274
TPNR Protocol 275
MPNR Protocol 276
14.3 Overview of Security Issues in Cloud Storage 278
14.4 A Basic TPNR Protocol 280
14.4.1 Normal Mode 281
14.4.2 Resolve Mode 283
14.4.3 Summary 284
14.5 Conclusions 284
References 285
Chapter 15: Fair Non-repudiation Framework for Cloud Storage: Part II 287
15.1 Introduction 287
15.2 SWMR MPNR Protocol 288
15.2.1 Defense Against Collusion Attacks 289
15.2.2 Rollback Attack Solution Based on Merkle Hash Tree 289
15.2.3 Multiparty Non-repudiation Framework 291
15.2.3.1 Overview 291
15.2.3.2 Normal Mode 293
15.2.3.3 Resolve Mode 295
15.3 MWMR MPNR Protocol 295
15.4 Performance Discussion 297
15.5 Security Analysis 298
15.5.1 Disputes 298
15.5.2 Some Desirable Secure Properties 299
15.5.3 General Attacks 300
15.5.4 Specific Attack 301
15.6 Conclusions 303
References 303
Chapter 16: Clowns, Crowds, and Clouds: A Cross-Enterprise Approach to Detecting Information Leakage Without Leaking Information 305
16.1 Introduction 306
16.2 Background 309
16.2.1 State-of-the-Art Detection Systems 311
16.2.2 Leak Detection at Internet Scale 312
16.2.3 Approaches to Plagiarism Detection 313
16.2.4 Defeating Plagiarism Detection Systems 314
16.3 Crowds and Clouds 316
16.4 Detecting Clowns 318
16.5 Experiments 321
16.6 Conclusions and Future Work 322
References 324
Index 327