Handbook of Fiber Optic Data Communication (eBook)

Cover 1
Contents 8
Contributors 14
Preface to the Second Edition 16
Part 1: The Technology 20
Chapter 1. Optical Fiber, Cable, and Connectors 22
1.1. Light Propagation 22
1.2. Optical Fiber Characterization 35
1.3. Cable Designs 45
1.4. Connectors 48
1.5. Optical Fiber Bragg Gratings 51
References 57
Chapter 2. Optical Sources: Light-Emitting Diodes and Laser Technology 60
2.1. Introduction 60
2.2. Technology Fundamentals 61
2.3. Device Structure „ LED 69
2.4. Device Structure „ Lasers 71
References 99
Chapter 3. Detectors for Fiber Optics 108
3.1. Introduction 108
3.2. Detector Terminology and Characteristics 109
3.3. PN Photodiode 114
3.4. PIN Photodiode 117
3.5. Other Detectors 125
3.6. Noise 138
3.7. Conclusions 143
References 144
Chapter 4. Logic and Drive Circuitry 146
4.1. System Overview 146
4.2. Electrical Interface 150
4.3. Optical Interface 151
Chapter 5. Optical Subassemblies 162
5.1. Function of the Optical Subassembly 162
5.2. Basic Properties of the Transmitter OSA 163
5.3. Basic Properties of the Receiver OSA 164
5.4. Coupling Radiation from a Laser Diode into a Fiber 165
5.5. Coupling Radiation from a Fiber into a Photodetector 169
5.6. Packaging of Optical Subassemblies 171
5.7. Optical Subassemblies for Parallel Optical Links 173
5.8. Outlook 175
References 177
Chapter 6. Fiber Optic Transceivers 178
6.1. Introduction 178
6.2. Technical Description of Fiber Optic Transceivers 187
6.3. The Optical Interface 192
6.4. Noise Testing of Transceivers 201
6.5. Packaging of Transceivers (TRX) 208
6.6. Series Production of Transceivers 214
6.7. Transceivers Today and Tomorrow 220
6.8. Parallel Optical Links 226
References 232
Part 2: The Links 234
Chapter 7. Fiber Optic Link Requirements 236
7.1. Introduction 236
7.2. Link Budget Planning 248
7.3. Link Planning Considerations 277
Appendix A: Contact Information for Optoelectronics and Fiber Optics Information 295
Appendix B: Some Accredited Homologation Test Labs 304
References 306
Chapter 8. Planning and Building the Optical Link 311
8.1. Introduction 311
8.2. Private Networks 312
8.3. Standards 329
8.4. Handling and Installing Fiber Optics 339
References 351
Chapter 9. Testing Fiber Optic Local Area Networks (LANs) 352
9.1. Fiber Optic Testing Defined 352
9.2. Practical Considerations 354
9.3. Component Testing 357
9.4. Standardization of Testing Procedures 358
9.5. Fiber Optic Test Equipment Needed for Testing 358
9.6. Measuring Optical Power 360
9.7. Testing Loss 361
9.8. Testing Cable Loss 363
9.9. OTDR Testing 365
9.10. Troubleshooting Hints for the Cable Plant 367
9.11. Special Test Considerations for Gigabit Multimode Networks 367
9.12. Cable Plant Loss with Laser Sources 371
9.13. Bit Error Ratio Measurements 372
9.14. Characterizing Digital Communications Waveforms 375
9.15. Testing and Troubleshooting Networks 380
9.16. Transceiver Loopback Testing 382
9.17. Conclusion 382
Part 3: The Applications 384
Chapter 10. Introduction to Industry Standards 386
10.1. Introduction 386
10.2. Why Are International Standards Needed? 388
10.3. ISO 389
10.4. An Introduction to ANSI 389
10.5. IEEE 802.3z (Gigabit Ethernet) 393
Chapter 11. Intramachine Communications 398
11.1. Introduction 398
11.2. Current Intramachine Optics Applications 400
11.3. System Area Networks 402
11.4. SAN Physical Layer Technology Requirements 408
11.5. Copper vs Optical: Technology Trade-Offs 412
11.6. Parallel Optical Interconnect Hardware 417
11.7. Examples of Parallel Optical Interconnect Links 438
11.8. Conclusions 450
References 451
Chapter 12. Applications: Asynchronous Transfer Mode and Synchronous Optical Network 454
12.1. Introduction 454
12.2. SONET 460
12.3. ATM 469
References 482
Chapter 13. Fibre Channel Standard 483
13.1. Introduction 483
13.2. Overview 484
13.3. Storage Area Networks 517
13.4. How Fibre Channel Leverages Optical Data Communications 517
13.5. Summary 522
Web Resources and References 522
Chapter 14. Enterprise Systems Connection Fiber Optic Link 525
14.1. Introduction 525
14.2. ESCON System Overview 527
14.3. ESCON Link Design 534
14.4. Multimode Physical Layer 542
14.5. Single-Mode Physical Layer 548
14.6. Planning and Installation of an ESCON Link 554
14.7. Loss Budget Analysis 565
14.8. Link Troubleshooting 570
14.9. Additional Aspects 575
References 581
Chapter 15. Local Area Networks, Fiber Distributed Data Interface, Ethernet, and Token Ring 583
15.1. Introduction 583
15.2. Fast Ethernet 584
15.3. Gigabit Ethernet 590
15.4. VG-Any LAN 591
15.5. FDDI 606
15.6. FDDI-II 617
References 618
Part 4: The Manufacturing Technology 620
Chapter 16. Semiconductor Laser and Light-Emitting Diode Fabrication 622
16.1. Introduction 622
16.2. LED Fabrication 622
16.3. Material Growth „ Lasers 624
16.4. Device Processing 635
16.5. Conclusion 661
References 663
Chapter 17. Receiver, Laser Driver, and Phase-Locked Loop Design Issues 674
17.1. Introduction 674
17.2. Fiber Optic Receivers 674
17.3. Laser Drivers 677
17.4. Clock Recovery and PLLs 683
17.5. Conclusion 692
References 692
Chapter 18. Packaging Assembly Techniques 694
18.1. Packaging Assembly „ Overview 694
18.2. First-Level Interconnects 696
18.3. Package Types 707
18.4. Package to Board Attach 711
18.5. Optical Interconnect 714
References 717
Chapter 19. Alignment Metrology and Techniques 718
19.1. Introduction 718
19.2. Interface Definition and Importance 718
19.3. Light Coupling 720
19.4. Elements of Coupled Power 722
19.5. Alignment Techniques 734
19.6. Conclusion 749
References 751
Appendix A: Measurement Conversion Tables 754
Appendix B: Physical Constants 756
Appendix C: Index of Professional Organizations 757
Appendix D: OSI Model 759
Appendix E: Network Standards and Documents 760
Appendix F: Data Network Rates 763
Appendix G: Other Datacom Developments 773
Acronyms 778
Glossary 797
Index 822