Automated Stratigraphic Correlation (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Automated Stratigraphic Correlation 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 12
Foreword 6
Preface 8
CHAPTER 1. PROBABILISTIC METHOD FOR AUTOMATED STRATIGRAPHIC CORRELATION 16
1.1 Introduction 16
1.2 IGCP Project 148 17
1.3 Quantitative biostratigraphy 20
1.4 Quantitative chronostratigraphy 26
1.5 Quantitative lithostratigraphy 29
1.6 Recent developments in stratigraphy 30
CHAPTER 2. PRINCIPLES OF QUANTITATIVE STRATIGRAPHY 34
2.1 Introduction 34
2.2 Zones in biostratigraphy 35
2.3 Quantitative versus qualitative stratigraphy 41
2.4 Local versus regional ranges of taxa 45
2.5 Estimation of the highest and lowest occurrences of taxa 46
2.6 The frequency distributions of highest and lowest occurrences of taxa 52
CHAPTER 3. APPLICATIONS OF MATHEMATICAL STATISTICS AND COMPUTER SCIENCE TO ZONATION, CORRELATION AND AGE INTERPOLATION 62
3.1 Introduction 62
3.2 Binomial test for randomness 63
3.3 Binomial distribution model for microfossil abundance data 64
3.4 Multiple pairwise comparison 75
3.5 Applications of graph theory 76
3.6 Use of cubic smoothing splines for removing "noise" from microfossil abundance data 82
3.7 Biostratigraphic correlation between Tojeira 1 and 2 sections in central Portugal using E. mosquensis abundance data 85
3.8 Multivariate methods 88
3.9 Research on time-scales 91
3.10 Computer simulation experiments on estimation of the age of chronostratigraphic boundaries 100
3.11 Smoothing of time-scales with the aid of cubic spline functions 107
3.12 Statistical significance of ages 113
CHAPTER 4. CODING AND FILE MANAGEMENT OF STRATIGRAPHIC INFORMATION 118
4.1 Introduction 118
4.2 Five basic types of files 118
4.3 Hay example as derived from the Sullivan database: Lower Tertiary nannoplankton in California 123
4.4 Partial DAT file for the Hay example 127
4.5 DAT files constructed by Guex and Davaud 131
4.6 Gradstein-Thomas database: Cenozoic Foraminifera in Canadian Atlantic Margin wells 133
4.7 Characteristic features of Gradstein-Thomas database 140
4.8 Frequency of occurrence of taxa of Cenozoic Foraminifera along the northwestern Atlantic margin 144
4.9 Artificial datasets based on random numbers 147
CHAPTER 5. RANKING OF BIOSTRATIGRAPHIC EVENTS 156
5.1 Introduction 156
5.2 Hay's original method 157
5.3 Algorithmic version of Hay's original method 160
5.4 Uncertainty ranges for events in the optimum sequence 167
5.5 Other ranking algorithms 169
5.6 Conservative ranking methods 180
5.7 Three-event cycles 185
5.8 Higher-order cycles and pseudo-cycles 189
5.9 The influence of coeval events 190
CHAPTER 6. SCALING OF BIOSTRATIGRAPHIC EVENTS 194
6.1 Introduction 194
6.2 Scaling versus ranking 198
6.3 Statistical model for scaling of stratigraphic events 201
6.4 Artificial example 216
6.5 Computer simulation experiments 219
6.6 Normality test 230
6.7 Marker horizon option of the RASC method 234
6.8 Unique event option of RASC program 236
6.9 Binomial and trinomial models for scaling 238
6.10 Application of Glenn and David's trinomial model 242
6.11 Comparison of observed and estimated probabilities 251
CHAPTER 7. RANK CORRELATION AND PRECISION OF SCALED OPTIMUM SEQUENCE 254
7.1 Introduction 254
7.2 Rank correlation coefficients 254
7.3 RASC step model 257
7.4 Presorting and ranking by Harper 261
7.5 Precision of the scaled optimum sequence 265
CHAPTER 8. NORMALITY TESTING AND THE MODIFIED RASC METHOD 274
8.1 Introduction 274
8.2 Autocorrelation of the second-order differences 275
8.3 Unitary Associations and RASC methods applied to Drobne's alveolinids 283
8.4 Application of RASC and normality test to Palmer's database for the Riley Formation in central Texas 291
8.5 Modified RASC method 295
8.6 Application of modified RASC to the Gradstein-Thomas database 299
8.7 Frequency distributions of stratigraphic events 302
8.8 Application of modified RASC to Drobne's alveolinids 310
8.9 Comparison of range charts for Palmer's database 320
CHAPTER 9. EVENT-DEPTH CURVES AND MULTI-WELL COMPARISON 326
9.1 Introduction 326
9.2 Principles of correlation and scaling in time and comparison to composite standard method 327
9.3 Generalized description of the CASC method 335
9.4 Statistical selection of optimum spline-curves 353
9.5 Cross-validation method 354
9.6 Jackknife method 357
9.7 Computer simulation experiment for event-depth spline fitting with error analysis 362
9.8 Regional application of RASC and CASC 366
9.9 Application of RASC and CASC to Hibernia Oilfield 373
9.10 Application of CASC to Palmer's database 381
9.11 Benthic foraminiferal zonation, central North Sea 386
9.12 Integration of foraminiferal and dinoflagellate datasets, Labrador Shelf-Grand Banks 397
CHAPTER 10. COMPUTER PROGRAMS FOR RANKING, SCALING AND REGIONAL CORRELATION OF STRATIGRAPHIC EVENTS 404
10.1 Introduction 404
10.2 Summary of contents of the 12 modules of micro-RASC 406
10.3 List of decisions to be made by user of the RASC computer programs 411
10.4 Brief history of the development of RASC and CASC 419
REFERENCES 424
INDEX 434