Bio-Materials and Prototyping Applications in Medicine (eBook)

Contents 6
Contributors 8
Metallic and Ceramic Biomaterials: Current and Future Developments 11
1.1 Preface 11
1.2 Metals 12
1.3 Ceramics 19
References 22
Polymers, Composites and Nano Biomaterials: Current and Future Developments 25
2.1 Introduction 25
2.2 Synthetic Polymers 25
2.3 Nanomaterials 33
References 35
Polyurethane Based Materials with Applications in Medical Devices 37
3.1 Introduction 37
3.2 Medical Applications of Polyurethane 38
3.3 Polyurethane Chemistry 40
3.4 Physical Properties of Polyurethanes 44
3.5 Processing of Polyurethanes 47
3.6 Polyurethanes in Biological Environments 49
3.7 Conclusions 55
References 55
Rapid Prototyping of Hydrogels to Guide Tissue Formation 59
4.1 Hydrogels 59
4.2 Photopolymerization 61
4.3 Design of Bioactive Hydrogels 61
4.4 Templating Techniques to Form Porous Hydrogels 63
4.5 Photolithographic Patterning of Hydrogels 64
4.6 Laser Scanning Lithography 66
4.7 Three-Dimensional Rapid Prototyping of Hydrogels 67
4.8 Summary 70
References 70
Engineered Scaffold Architecture Influences Soft Tissue Regeneration 76
5.1 Introduction 76
5.2 Scaffold Architecture Effects on Cartilage Regeneration 77
5.3 Scaffold Architecture Effects on CNS Regeneration 80
5.4 Summary 84
References 85
Customised Implants for Bone Replacement and Growth 88
6.1 Introduction 88
6.2 Bone Structure and Properties 89
6.3 Materials for Bone Implants 90
6.4 Requirements for Bone Implants 92
6.5 Bone Modelling and Design 93
6.6 Rapid Manufacturing of Customised Bone Implants 94
6.7 Clinical Practises in the Design and Manufacturing of Custom Bone Implants 107
6.8 Summary, Challenge and Future Directions 111
References 113
Direct Digital Manufacturing of Complex Dental Prostheses 117
7.1 Introduction 117
7.2 Frameworks for Complex Dental Prostheses 118
7.3 Dental Data Capture 120
7.4 Digital Design 122
7.5 Production by SLM 124
7.6 Quality Control 128
7.7 Clinical Cases 130
7.8 Conclusions 131
References 131
Digital Design and Fabrication in Dentistry 133
8.1 Introduction 133
8.2 Commercial Dental CAD/CAM Systems 134
8.3 Digital Data Acquisition Methods 141
8.4 Surface Reconstruction Techniques 146
8.5 Digital Design 150
8.6 Digital Fabrication Processes 155
8.7 Conclusion 160
References 161
The Development of an Artificial Finger Joint 164
9.1 Introduction 164
9.2 Finger Joint Arthroplasty 165
9.3 Design Objectives for a New Artificial Finger Joint 166
9.4 Study of Finger Joint Morphology for Implant Design 169
9.5 Intramedullary Dimensions for Fixation Stem Design 171
9.6 Relationship of Sagittal Curvature of Condyles to ROM 173
9.7 Generation of Implant Articulating Surface 175
9.8 Implant Design Related to Surgical Procedure 176
9.9 Implant Sizing Relating to Finger Joint Biomechanics 178
9.10 Generation of Prototype Model 179
9.11 Materials Strength Requirement for Artificial Finger Joint 181
9.12 Design Optimization by Finite Elements Model 184
9.13 Long-Term Performance Testing 185
9.14 PIP Joint Stability 188
9.15 Summary of Functional Evaluation 192
References 193
Computer-aided Development of Mega Endo- Prostheses 198
10.1 Introduction 198
10.2 Mega Endo-Prosthesis Development 203
10.3 Case Study: Pelvic Saddle Prosthesis 209
10.4 Conclusion 213
References 214
Index 215