Fertility of Immigrants (eBook)

Foreword 6
Acknowledgments 10
Contents 11
List of Figures 14
List of Tables 15
Chapter 1 Introduction 18
1.1 Germany’s Immigration History After 1945 19
1.1.1 Expellees (Vertriebene) and In-Migrating Ethnic Germans (Aussiedler) 20
1.1.2 “Guest Workers” (Gastarbeiter) in West Germany 22
1.1.3 Foreign Workers (Vertragsarbeiter) in the Former GDR 25
1.1.4 Refugees and Asylum Seekers 26
1.1.5 Summary: Immigrants and Their Descendants in Germany 27
1.2 Introduction to Fertility of Immigrants in Germany 29
1.3 Research Questions and Structure of the Study 32
Chapter 2 Theory and Empirical Findings in Previous Investigations 35
2.1 Migration and Fertility 35
2.1.1 Disruption 37
2.1.2 Interrelation of Events 38
2.1.3 Adaptation 39
2.1.4 Socialization 43
2.1.5 Selection and Characteristics 44
2.1.6 Legitimacy 48
2.1.7 Minority Groups 48
2.1.8 Socio-Demographic Characteristics and Economic Arguments 49
2.1.9 Independence-Effect: Sub-Culture and Minority Status 50
2.1.10 Synthesis: Theories 54
2.2 Family-Formation Context in the Countries of Origin 56
2.2.1 Italy and Spain 57
2.2.2 Turkey 59
2.2.3 Former Yugoslavia 62
2.2.4 Greece 63
2.2.5 Intermediate Conclusion 64
2.3 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of “Guest Workers” and Their Descendants in Germany 65
2.3.1 Legal Status 65
2.3.2 Education 67
2.3.3 Occupation 68
2.3.4 Religious Affiliation 71
2.3.5 Social Interaction and Marriage Behavior 72
2.4 Research Summary: Fertility of “Guest Workers” in Germany 74
2.4.1 Period, Age, and Time Effects 74
2.4.2 Individual Factors Influencing Fertility 77
2.4.3 Contextual and Cultural Factors 79
2.4.4 Reflections in the Light of Theory 81
2.5 Research Approach and Working Hypotheses 85
2.5.1 The Life-Course Approach 85
2.5.2 Hypotheses, Part 1 – Entry into Motherhood 88
2.5.3 Hypotheses, Part II – Transitions to a Second and a Third Child 91
Chapter 3 Empirical Analysis 94
3.1 Data, Method, and Explanatory Variables 94
3.1.1 Data 94
3.1.2 Method 97
3.1.3 Explanatory Variables 98
3.2 Introductory Description of the Sample 107
3.2.1 Marriage 107
3.2.2 Completed Family Size 111
3.3 Results: Transition to a First Child 112
3.3.1 Kaplan–Meier Survival Estimates 113
3.3.2 Immigrant Generation and Baseline Intensity (Age of the Woman) 117
3.3.3 Stay Duration of First-Generation Immigrants 118
3.3.4 Marriage Duration 119
3.3.5 Women’s Characteristics 121
3.3.6 Partner’s Characteristics 123
3.3.7 Immigration Background 123
3.3.8 Further Covariates 126
3.3.9 Intermediate Conclusion 127
3.4 Results: Transition to a Second Child 128
3.4.1 Kaplan–Meier Survival Estimates 128
3.4.2 Immigrant Generation and Baseline Intensity (Age of the First Child) 130
3.4.3 Stay Duration of First-Generation Immigrants 132
3.4.4 Women’s Characteristics 133
3.4.5 Partner’s Characteristics 135
3.4.6 Immigration Background 135
3.4.7 Further Covariates 137
3.4.8 Intermediate Conclusion 137
3.5 Results: Transition to a Third Child 138
3.5.1 Kaplan–Meier Survival Estimates 138
3.5.2 Immigrant Generation and Baseline Intensity (Age of the Second Child) 140
3.5.3 Stay Duration of First-Generation Immigrants 142
3.5.4 Women’s Characteristics 143
3.5.5 Partner’s Educational Attainment 144
3.5.6 Immigration Background 144
3.5.7 Further Covariates 146
3.5.8 Intermediate Conclusion 146
Chapter 4 Discussion 147
4.1 Conclusions for Hypotheses 147
4.1.1 Disruption 147
4.1.2 Interrelation of Events 148
4.1.3 Adaptation 150
4.1.4 Selection and Characteristics 152
4.1.5 Socialization 153
4.2 Reflections and Perspectives 155
4.2.1 Disruption and Union Dissolution 155
4.2.2 Adaptation and Selection of First-Generation Immigrants 156
4.2.3 Second-Generation Immigrants 157
4.2.4 Family Patterns 157
Chapter 5 Summary 159
Appendix 163
First-Child Analysis 163
Second-Child Analysis 168
Third-Child Analysis 172
References 175