Ubuntu Unleashed 2012 Edition

Matthew Helmke is an active member of the Ubuntu community. He served from 2006 to 2011 on the Ubuntu Forum Council, providing leadership and oversight of the Ubuntu Forums (www.ubuntuforums.org), and spent two years on the Ubuntu regional membership approval board for Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. He has written about Ubuntu for several magazines and websites, is a lead author of The Official Ubuntu Book, and coauthored The VMware Cookbook. He works for The iPlant Collaborative (www.iplantcollaborative.org), which is funded by the National Science Foundation and is building the world’s first cyberinfrastructure for the biological sciences. Matthew first used Unix in 1987 while studying LISP on a Vax at the university. He has run a business using only free and open source software, has consulted, and has recently completed a master’s degree in Information Resources and Library Science from the University of Arizona. You can find out more about Matthew at matthewhelmke.com or drop him a line with errata or suggestions at matthew@matthewhelmke.com.   Andrew Hudson is a freelance journalist who specializes in writing about Linux. He has significant experience in Red Hat and Debian-based Linux distributions and deployments and can often be found sitting at his keyboard tweaking various settings and config files just for the hell of it. He lives in Wiltshire, which is a county of England, along with his wife, Bernice, and their son, John. Andrew does not like Emacs. He can be reached at andy.hudson@gmail.com.   Paul Hudson is a recognized expert in open-source technologies. He is also a professional developer and full-time journalist for Future Publishing. His articles have appeared in MacFormat, PC Answers, PC Format, PC Plus, and Linux Format. Paul is passionate about free software in all its forms and uses a mix of Linux and BSD to power his desktops and servers. Paul likes Emacs. Paul can be contacted through http://hudzilla.org.  

About the Authors     xxvii

Dedication/Acknowledgements     xxviii

Introduction     1

Part I  Installation and Configuration

1  Installing Ubuntu     7

Before You Begin the Installation.     7

Researching Your Hardware Specifications     8

Installation Options     8

Planning Partition Strategies     10

The Boot Loader.     10

Installing from CD or DVD or USB Drive.     11

Step-by-Step Installation.     11

Installing     12

First Update.     16

Wubi: The Easy Installer for Windows.     16

Shutting Down     17

References.     18

2  Post-Installation Configuration     19

Troubleshooting Post-Installation Configuration Problems     19

The sudo Command     21

Finding Programs and Files     21

Software Update     22

Configuring Software Repositories.     25

System Settings.     28

Installing Additional Drivers     28

Detecting and Configuring a Printer     30

Configuring Power Management in Ubuntu     30

Setting the Date and Time     31

Configuring Wireless Networks.     33

References.     34

Part II  Desktop Ubuntu

3  Working with Unity     35

Foundations and the X Server     35

Basic X Concepts.     36

Using X     37

Elements of the xorg.conf File     38

Starting X     43

Using a Display Manager     43

Changing Window Managers     44

Using Unity, a Primer     44

The Desktop     45

Customizing and Configuring Unity.     50

Power Shortcuts.     50

References.     51

4  On the Internet     53

Getting Started with Firefox.     54

Checking Out Google Chrome and Chromium     55

Choosing an Email Client     56

Evolution.     57

Mozilla Thunderbird.     59

Other Mail Clients.     59

RSS Readers.     60

Firefox.     60

Liferea     60

Instant Messaging and Video Conferencing with Empathy.     61

Internet Relay Chat     61

Usenet Newsgroups     64

Ubuntu One Cloud Storage.     66

References.     66

5  Productivity Applications     67

Introducing LibreOffice.     69

Other Office Suites for Ubuntu     71

Working with GNOME Office.     71

Working with KOffice     72

Other Useful Productivity Software     73

Working with PDF.     73

Working with XML and DocBook     74

Working with LaTeX     75

Productivity Applications Written for Microsoft Windows.     76

References.     76

6  Multimedia Applications    77

Sound and Music     77

Sound Cards.     78

Adjusting Volume.     79

Sound Formats.     79

Listening to Music.     81

Buying Music in the Ubuntu One Music Store.     83

Graphics Manipulation     85

The GNU Image Manipulation Program     85

Using Scanners in Ubuntu     87

Working with Graphics Formats     87

Capturing Screen Images     89

Using Digital Cameras with Ubuntu.     90

Handheld Digital Cameras     90

Using Shotwell Photo Manager.     90

Burning CDs and DVDs in Ubuntu     90

Creating CDs and DVDs with Brasero     91

Creating CDs from the Command Line.     92

Creating DVDs from the Command Line     94

Viewing Video     96

TV and Video Hardware     96

Video Formats     97

Viewing Video in Linux.     98

Personal Video Recorders     99

Video Editing     99

References     100

7  Other Ubuntu Desktops     101

Desktop Environment     101

KDE and Kubuntu     102

Xfce and Xubuntu.     104

LXDE and Lubuntu.     105

GNOME.     106

References     107

8  Games     109

Ubuntu Gaming.     109

Emulators.     109

Installing Proprietary Video Drivers     110

Installing Games in Ubuntu     112

Warsow.     112

Scorched 3D     112

Frozen Bubble     113

SuperTux.     114

Battle for Wesnoth.     114

Frets on Fire.     116

Games for Kids.     116

Commercial Games.     116

Playing Windows Games     117

References     117

Part III  System Administration

9  Managing Software     119

Ubuntu Software Center     119

Using Synaptic for Software Management.     120

Staying Up-to-Date     122

Working on the Command Line     123

Day-to-Day Usage     124

Finding Software     127

Compiling Software from Source.     128

Compiling from a Tarball.     128

Compiling from Source from the Ubuntu Repositories     129

Server/Configuration Management.     130

Puppet.     131

Chef.     131

Juju     131

Landscape     131

dotdee     131

References     132

10  Command-Line Quickstart     133

What Is the Command Line?     134

Accessing the Command Line     135

Text-Based Console Login     136

Logging Out     137

Logging In and Out from a Remote Computer.     137

User Accounts.     138

Understanding the Linux File System Hierarchy     140

Essential Commands in /bin and /sbin     141

Configuration Files in /etc     141

User Directories: /home     142

Using the Contents of the /proc Directory to Interact

with the Kernel     142

Working with Shared Data in the /usr Directory     144

Temporary File Storage in the /tmp Directory     144

Accessing Variable Data Files in the /var Directory.     144

Navigating the Linux File System     145

Listing the Contents of a Directory with ls.     145

Changing Directories with cd     147

Finding Your Current Directory with pwd     147

Working with Permissions     148

Assigning Permissions     148

Directory Permissions.     150

Altering File Permissions with chmod     150

File Permissions with chgrp     152

Changing File Permissions with chown.     152

Understanding Set User ID and Set Group ID Permissions     152

Working with Files     153

Creating a File with touch.     153

Creating a Directory with mkdir.     154

Deleting a Directory with rmdir     154

Deleting a File or Directory with rm     155

Moving or Renaming a File with mv     156

Copying a File with cp.     157

Displaying the Contents of a File with cat.     157

Displaying the Contents of a File with less     157

Using Wildcards and Regular Expressions     158

Working as Root.     158

Creating Users.     159

Deleting Users.     160

Shutting Down the System.     161

Rebooting the System.     162

Reading Documentation.     162

Using apropros     162

Using Man Pages     163

References     164

11  Command-Line Master Class     165

Why Use the Command Line?.     166

Using Basic Commands     167

Printing the Contents of a File with cat     168

Changing Directories with cd     169

Changing File Access Permissions with chmod     171

Copying Files with cp.     171

Printing Disk Usage with du     172

Finding Files by Searching with find.     173

Searches for a String in Input with grep     175

Paging Through Output with less.     176

Creating Links Between Files with ln     178

Finding Files from an Index with locate     180

Listing Files in the Current Directory with ls     180

Reading Manual Pages with man     182

Making Directories with mkdir.     183

Moving Files with mv.     183

Listing Processes with ps.     184

Deleting Files and Directories with rm     184

Printing the Last Lines of a File with tail.     185

Printing Resource Usage with top     186

Printing the Location of a Command with which     187

Redirecting Output and Input     187

Combining Commands     189

Using Environment Variables     191

Using Common Text Editors     194

Working with nano     195

Working with vi.     196

Working with emacs.     197

Working with Compressed Files     199

Using Multiple Terminals with byobu.     200

References     201

12  Managing Users     203

User Accounts.     203

The Super User/Root User     204

User IDs and Group IDs     206

File Permissions.     206

Managing Groups.     207

Group Listing.     207

Group Management Tools     208

Managing Users     210

User Management Tools.     210

Adding New Users     212

Monitoring User Activity on the System     216

Managing Passwords     217

System Password Policy     217

The Password File     217

Shadow Passwords     218

Managing Password Security for Users.     221

Changing Passwords in a Batch.     221

Granting System Administrator Privileges to Regular Users     221

Temporarily Changing User Identity with the su Command     222

Granting Root Privileges on Occasion: The sudo Command.     224

Disk Quotas.     226

Implementing Quotas     227

Manually Configuring Quotas.     228

Related Ubuntu Commands     228

References     229

13  Automating Tasks and Shell Scripting     231

Scheduling Tasks     231

Using at and batch to Schedule Tasks for Later.     231

Using cron to Run Jobs Repeatedly     234

Basic Shell Control     236

The Shell Command Line     237

Shell Pattern-Matching Support     239

Redirecting Input and Output.     240

Piping Data     241

Background Processing     241

Writing and Executing a Shell Script.     242

Running the New Shell Program     243

Storing Shell Scripts for Systemwide Access     244

Interpreting Shell Scripts Through Specific Shells     245

Using Variables in Shell Scripts     246

Assigning a Value to a Variable     246

Accessing Variable Values     247

Positional Parameters     247

A Simple Example of a Positional Parameter.     248

Using Positional Parameters to Access and Retrieve

Variables from the Command Line     248

Using a Simple Script to Automate Tasks.     249

Built-In Variables     251

Special Characters.     252

Using Double Quotes to Resolve Variables in Strings

with Embedded Spaces     253

Using Single Quotes to Maintain Unexpanded Variables.     253

Using the Backslash as an Escape Character     254

Using the Backtick to Replace a String with Output     255

Comparison of Expressions in pdksh and bash.     255

Comparing Expressions with tcsh     260

The for Statement     264

The while Statement     266

The until Statement     268

The repeat Statement (tcsh)     268

The select Statement (pdksh).     269

The shift Statement     269

The if Statement.     270

The case Statement     271

The break and exit Statements.     273

Using Functions in Shell Scripts     273

References     274

14  The Boot Process     275

Running Services at Boot     275

Beginning the Boot Loading Process     276

Loading the Linux Kernel.     277

System Services and Runlevels     278

Runlevel Definitions     278

Booting into the Default Runlevel     279

Understanding init Scripts and the Final Stage of Initialization     279

Controlling Services at Boot with Administrative Tools     280

Changing Runlevels     281

Troubleshooting Runlevel Problems     282

Starting and Stopping Services Manually     283

Using Upstart     283

References     284

15  System-Monitoring Tools     285

Console-Based Monitoring     285

Using the kill Command to Control Processes     287

Using Priority Scheduling and Control     288

Displaying Free and Used Memory with free     290

Disk Space     291

Disk Quotas.     291

Graphical Process and System Management Tools     292

System Monitor.     292

Conky     294

Other     298

KDE Process- and System-Monitoring Tools.     299

Enterprise Server Monitoring.     299

Landscape     299

Other     299

References     300

16  Backing Up     301

Choosing a Backup Strategy     301

Why Data Loss Occurs.     302

Assessing Your Backup Needs and Resources     303

Evaluating Backup Strategies.     305

Making the Choice     307

Choosing Backup Hardware and Media     308

Removable Storage Media     308

CD-RW and DVD+RW/-RW Drives.     308

Network Storage     309

Tape Drive Backup     309

Cloud Storage     310

Using Backup Software     310

tar: The Most Basic Backup Tool     310

The GNOME File Roller     312

The KDE ark Archiving Tool.     313

Déjà Dup     313

Back In Time     315

Unison     317

Using the Amanda Backup Application     318

Alternative Backup Software     319

Copying Files.     319

Copying Files Using tar.     319

Compressing, Encrypting, and Sending tar Streams     320

Copying Files Using cp     321

Copying Files Using mc     321

Using rsync.     322

Version Control for Configuration Files.     323

System Rescue.     326

The Ubuntu Rescue Disc     326

Restoring the GRUB2 Boot Loader     326

Saving Files from a Nonbooting Hard Drive     327

References     328

17  Networking     329

Laying the Foundation: The localhost Interface     330

Checking for the Availability of the Loopback Interface     330

Configuring the Loopback Interface Manually     330

Networking with TCP/IP.     333

TCP/IP Addressing     334

Using IP Masquerading in Ubuntu.     336

Ports.     336

Network Organization.     337

Subnetting.     337

Subnet Masks.     338

Broadcast, Unicast, and Multicast Addressing     338

Hardware Devices for Networking     339

Network Interface Cards     339

Network Cable     341

Hubs and Switches.     342

Routers and Bridges     343

Initializing New Network Hardware     344

Using Network Configuration Tools.     346

Command-Line Network Interface Configuration.     346

/bin/netstat.     350

Network Configuration Files.     351

Using Graphical Configuration Tools     353

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol     355

How DHCP Works     355

Activating DHCP at Installation and Boot Time     356

DHCP Software Installation and Configuration.     357

Using DHCP to Configure Network Hosts     359

Other Uses for DHCP     361

Wireless Networking     361

Support for Wireless Networking in Ubuntu.     361

Advantages of Wireless Networking     363

Choosing from Among Available Wireless Protocols     363

Beyond the Network and onto the Internet     364

Common Configuration Information     364

Configuring Digital Subscriber Line Access     366

Understanding PPP over Ethernet.     366

Configuring a PPPoE Connection Manually     367

Configuring Dial-Up Internet Access.     368

Troubleshooting Connection Problems.     369

References     370

18  Remote Access with SSH and Telnet     373

Setting Up a Telnet Server     373

Telnet Versus SSH     375

Setting Up an SSH Server     375

SSH Tools     375

Using scp to Copy Individual Files Between Machines     376

Using sftp to Copy Many Files Between Machines.     377

Using ssh-keygen to Enable Key-Based Logins     377

Virtual Network Computing.     379

References     382

19  Securing Your Machines     383

Understanding Computer Attacks     383

Assessing Your Vulnerability     385

Protecting Your Machine     386

Securing a Wireless Network.     387

Passwords and Physical Security     387

Configuring and Using Tripwire     388

Devices     389

Viruses     389

Configuring Uncomplicated Firewall     390

AppArmor.     392

Forming a Disaster Recovery Plan.     395

References     396

20  Performance Tuning     399

Hard Disk.     399

Using the BIOS and Kernel to Tune the Disk Drives     400

The hdparm Command.     401

File System Tuning.     402

The tune2fs Command.     402

The e2fsck Command.     403

The badblocks Command.     403

Disabling File Access Time.     403

Kernel     404

Apache     405

MySQL     406

Measuring Key Buffer Usage     406

Using the Query Cache.     408

Miscellaneous Tweaks.     409

Query Optimization.     410

References     410

21  Kernel and Module Management     411

The Linux Kernel     412

The Linux Source Tree     413

Types of Kernels     415

Managing Modules     416

When to Recompile     418

Kernel Versions     419

Obtaining the Kernel Sources     420

Patching the Kernel     421

Compiling the Kernel.     422

Using xconfig to Configure the Kernel.     425

Creating an Initial RAM Disk Image.     429

When Something Goes Wrong     429

Errors During Compile     429

Runtime Errors, Boot Loader Problems, and Kernel Oops.     430

References     431

Part IV  Ubuntu as a Server

22  File and Print     433

Using the Network File System     434

Installing and Starting or Stopping NFS     434

NFS Server Configuration.     434

NFS Client Configuration.     436

Putting Samba to Work     437

Manually Configuring Samba with /etc/samba/smb.conf.     438

Testing Samba with the testparm Command.     442

Starting, Stopping, and Restarting the smbd Daemon.     442

Mounting Samba Shares     443

Configuring Samba Using SWAT.     444

Network and Remote Printing with Ubuntu.     448

Creating Network Printers     448

Using the Common UNIX Printing System GUI.     450

Avoiding Printer Support Problems     453

References     454

23  Apache Web Server Management     455

About the Apache Web Server.     455

Installing the Apache Server     457

Installing from the Ubuntu Repositories     457

Building the Source Yourself     458

Starting and Stopping Apache     460

Starting the Apache Server Manually.     461

Using /etc/init.d/apache2     462

Runtime Server Configuration Settings.     463

Runtime Configuration Directives     464

Editing apache2.conf     464

Apache Multiprocessing Modules     467

Using .htaccess Configuration Files.     467

File System Authentication and Access Control     469

Restricting Access with allow and deny     470

Authentication.     471

Final Words on Access Control.     473

Apache Modules.     474

mod_access.     475

mod_alias     475

mod_asis     475

mod_auth     476

mod_auth_anon     476

mod_auth_dbm.     476

mod_auth_digest     476

mod_autoindex     477

mod_cgi     477

mod_dir and mod_env.     477

mod_expires     477

mod_headers     477

mod_include     478

mod_info and mod_log_config     478

mod_mime and mod_mime_magic     478

mod_negotiation     478

mod_proxy     478

mod_rewrite     478

mod_setenvif.     479

mod_speling     479

mod_status.     479

mod_ssl     479

mod_unique_id     479

mod_userdir     479

mod_usertrack     479

mod_vhost_alias     479

Virtual Hosting     480

Address-Based Virtual Hosts.     480

Name-Based Virtual Hosts     481

Logging     482

References     484

24  Other HTTP Servers     485

Nginx.     485

lighttpd     487

Yaws     488

Cherokee     488

Jetty     489

thttpd     489

Apache Tomcat     490

References     490

25  Remote File Serving with FTP     491

Choosing an FTP Server.     491

Choosing an Authenticated or Anonymous Server     492

Ubuntu FTP Server Packages     492

Other FTP Servers     492

Installing FTP Software     493

The FTP User     494

Configuring the Very Secure FTP Server.     496

Controlling Anonymous Access     497

Other vsftpd Server Configuration Files     498

Using the ftphosts File to Allow or Deny FTP Server Connection     499

References     500

26  Handling Email     501

How Email Is Sent and Received     501

The Mail Transport Agent     502

Choosing an MTA.     504

The Mail Delivery Agent     504

The Mail User Agent     505

Basic Postfix Configuration and Operation     506

Configuring Masquerading.     508

Using Smart Hosts     509

Setting Message Delivery Intervals     509

Mail Relaying.     510

Forwarding Email with Aliases     510

Using Fetchmail to Retrieve Mail.     511

Installing Fetchmail     511

Configuring Fetchmail.     511

Choosing a Mail Delivery Agent     515

Procmail     515

Spamassassin     515

Squirrelmail.     516

Virus Scanners     516

Autoresponders     516

Alternatives to Microsoft Exchange Server     516

Microsoft Exchange Server/Outlook Client.     517

CommuniGate Pro.     517

Oracle Beehive     517

Bynari.     518

Open-Xchange     518

phpgroupware.     518

PHProjekt.     518

Horde     518

References     519

27  Proxying and Reverse Proxying     521

What Is a Proxy Server?     521

Installing Squid.     522

Configuring Clients     522

Access Control Lists     523

Specifying Client IP Addresses     527

Sample Configurations     528

References     530

28  Administering Relational Database Services      531

A Brief Review of Database Basics     532

How Relational Databases Work     533

Understanding SQL Basics.     536

Creating Tables.     536

Inserting Data into Tables     537

Retrieving Data from a Database     538

Choosing a Database: MySQL Versus PostgreSQL     540

Speed     540

Data Locking     541

ACID Compliance in Transaction Processing to Protect Data Integrity     542

SQL Subqueries     542

Procedural Languages and Triggers.     542

Configuring MySQL.     543

Setting a Password for the MySQL Root User     544

Creating a Database in MySQL.     544

Configuring PostgreSQL     546

Initializing the Data Directory in PostgreSQL     547

Creating a Database in PostgreSQL     547

Creating Database Users in PostgreSQL.     548

Deleting Database Users in PostgreSQL.     548

Granting and Revoking Privileges in PostgreSQL     549

Database Clients     550

SSH Access to a Database     550

Local GUI Client Access to a Database.     551

Web Access to a Database.     552

The MySQL Command-Line Client.     553

The PostgreSQL Command-Line Client     555

Graphical Clients.     555

References     556

29  NoSQL Databases     557

Key/Value Stores.     559

Berkeley DB     560

Cassandra.     560

Memcached and MemcacheDB     561

Redis     561

Document Stores.     562

CouchDB     562

MongoDB.     563

BaseX     564

Wide Column Stores     564

BigTable     565

HBase     565

References     565

30  Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)     567

Configuring the Server     568

Creating Your Schema     568

Populating Your Directory.     570

Configuring Clients     572

Evolution     572

Thunderbird     572

Administration     572

References     574

31  Linux Terminal Server Project (LTSP)     575

Requirements     576

Installation.     579

Using LTSP     580

References     581

32  Virtualization on Ubuntu     583

KVM     585

VirtualBox.     589

VMware.     591

Xen.     591

References     591

33  Ubuntu in the Cloud     593

Why a Cloud?.     594

Ubuntu Cloud and Eucalyptus.     595

Deploy/Install Basics: Public or Private?.     596

Public     597

Private     598

A euca2ools Primer.     601

Ubuntu Cloud and OpenStack.     603

Compute Infrastructure (Nova)     603

Storage Infrastructure (Swift)     604

Imaging Service (Glance)     604

Installation.     604

Creating an Image     614

Instance Management     617

Storage Management.     617

Network Management     618

An OpenStack Commands Primer.     618

Learning More     618

Landscape     619

Juju.     619

Orchestra     620

References     620

Part V  Programming Linux

34  Opportunistic Development     623

Version Control Systems.     624

Managing Software Projects with Subversion     624

Managing Software Projects with Bazaar     625

Managing Software Projects with Mercurial     626

Managing Software Projects with Git     627

Introduction to Opportunistic Development.     628

Launchpad     629

Quickly.     631

Ground Control     635

Bikeshed and Other Tools     638

References     641

35  Helping with Ubuntu Testing and QA     643

Community Teams     643

Ubuntu Testing Team     644

QA Team.     645

Bug Squad.     645

Test Drive.     645

References     648

36  Using Perl     649

Using Perl with Linux     649

Perl Versions     650

A Simple Perl Program.     650

Perl Variables and Data Structures     652

Perl Variable Types.     653

Special Variables     653

Operators.     654

Comparison Operators     654

Compound Operators.     655

Arithmetic Operators.     655

Other Operators     656

Special String Constants     657

Conditional Statements: if/else and unless     657

if     657

unless     658

Looping.     658

for.     659

foreach     659

while.     660

until.     660

last and next     660

do ..     while and do ..     until     661

Regular Expressions     661

Access to the Shell     662

Modules and CPAN.     663

Code Examples     664

Sending Mail     664

Purging Logs.     666

Posting to Usenet     667

One-Liners     668

Command-Line Processing     668

References     669

37  Using PHP     671

Introduction to PHP     672

Entering and Exiting PHP Mode     672

Variables     673

Arrays.     674

Constants.     676

References     676

Comments     677

Escape Sequences.     677

Variable Substitution     679

Operators     679

Conditional Statements     681

Special Operators.     683

Switching     683

Loops     685

Including Other Files.     687

Basic Functions     688

Strings     688

Arrays.     692

Files     693

Miscellaneous     696

Handling HTML Forms.     699

Databases.     700

References     702

38  Using Python     705

Python on Linux.     706

The Basics of Python.     707

Numbers     707

More on Strings.     709

Lists     712

Dictionaries     714

Conditionals and Looping.     715

Functions.     717

Object Orientation     718

Class and Object Variables     719

Constructors and Destructors.     720

Class Inheritance     721

The Standard Library and the Python Package Index     722

References     723

39  C/C++ Programming Tools for Ubuntu     725

Programming in C with Linux.     726

Using the C Programming Project Management Tools

Provided with Ubuntu.     727

Building Programs with make     727

Using Makefiles.     727

Using the autoconf Utility to Configure Code     729

Debugging Tools.     730

Using the GNU C Compiler     731

Graphical Development Tools.     732

Using the KDevelop Client.     732

The Glade Client for Developing in GNOME.     733

References     734

40 Using Mono 737

Why Use Mono?     738

MonoDevelop.     739

The Structure of a C# Program     741

Printing Out the Parameters     743

Creating Your Own Variables     743

Adding Some Error Checking.     744

Building on Mono’s Libraries.     745

Creating a GUI with Gtk#     745

References     746

41  Using Other Popular Programming Languages     749

Ada.     750

Clojure     750

COBOL.     751

Erlang     752

Forth.     752

Fortran     753

Groovy     753

Haskell     754

Java     754

JavaScript.     755

Lisp.     755

Lua     756

Ruby     756

Scala     756

Vala     757

References     757

42  Beginning Mobile Development for Android     759

Introduction to Android     760

Hardware     760

Linux Kernel.     760

Libraries.     760

Android Runtime.     760

Application Framework.     761

Applications     761

Installing the Android SDK     761

Install Java     761

Install Eclipse.     761

Install the SDK     762

Install the ADT Eclipse Plug-In.     762

Install Other Components.     762

Install Virtual Devices     763

Create Your First Application.     764

References     765

Part VI  Appendices

A  Ubuntu Under the Hood      767

What Is Linux?     767

Why Use Linux?     769

What Is Ubuntu?.     770

Ubuntu for Business.     771

Ubuntu in Your Home.     773

64-Bit Ubuntu.     773

Getting the Most from Ubuntu and Linux Documentation.     773

Ubuntu Developers and Documentation     775

References     775

B  Ubuntu and Linux Internet Resources     777

Websites and Search Engines     778

Web Search Tips     778

Google Is Your Friend     779

Ubuntu Package Listings     779

Certification     779

Commercial Support     780

Documentation.     780

Linux Guides     781

Ubuntu.     781

Mini-CD Linux Distributions     781

Various Intel-Based Linux Distributions     782

PowerPC-Based Linux Distributions     782

Linux on Laptops and PDAs     783

The X Window System     783

Usenet Newsgroups     783

Mailing Lists.     784

Ubuntu Project Mailing Lists     785

Internet Relay Chat     785

Index     787