Handicrafts of the Perm province of the late 19th - early 20th centuries

In the study, handicrafts are considered as an element of "grassroots" modernization, which contributed to a change in the economic situation and social structure of the Russian countryside in the late 19th - early 20th centuries. The determining factors of both the development and the extinction of handicraft industries in the Perm province were internal factors, such as the mining crisis in the Ural industry, the development of transport routes, and entry into the Siberian market. The activity of the Perm zemstvo was an external factor in the development of handicrafts. The author identified the directions of support for handicraft industries, the main periods in the activities of the Perm zemstvo, with their subsequent characteristics, as well as general and distinctive features in the activities of county zemstvos for the development of handicraft industries. The work revealed the connection between the socio-economic development of the Perm province and the dynamics of handicraft production. For the first time, based on the use of primary materials from house-to-house censuses, testimonies of zemstvo leaders, field notebooks of expeditions, the social appearance of a handicraftsman in Perm province was reconstructed.