Advances in Clinical Child Psychology

1. The Neurobiology of Developmental Disorders.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Neurobiology of Brain Development.- 2.1. Development of the Neural Tube.- 2.2. Development of the Cerebral Cortex.- 2.3. Functional Specification of the Cerebral Cortical Areas.- 2.4. Development of Other Regions of the Brain.- 2.5. Development of Neuronal Connections: Anatomy and Development of the Visual System.- 2.6. Axon Pathway Guidance and Synaptic Specification.- 2.7. Maturation of Synapses.- 2.8. Myelination.- 2.9. Critical Periods in Development.- 3. Mammalian Developmental Neuropathology.- 3.1. Disorders of Neural Tube Formation.- 3.2. Focal Agenesis and Hypoplasia of the Brain.- 3.3. Disorders of Neuronal Migration.- 3.4. Disorders of Pathway Formation.- 3.5. Disorders of Myelination.- 3.6. Disorders of Synapse Formation.- 3.7. Degenerative Disorders.- 4. Conclusion to Sections 2 and 3.- 5. Biological Basis of Autism.- 5.1. Neurobiological Research.- 5.2. Etiologies of Autism.- 5.3. Summary.- 6. Conclusions.- 7. References.- 2. Child Psychiatric Epidemiology: Implications for Clinical Research and Practice.- 1. Introduction.- 2. What Is Epidemiology?.- 3. Assessing Child Psychopathology: The Two Traditions in Epidemiology.- 3.1. Diagnosis-Based Assessment.- 3.2. Symptom-Based Assessment.- 4. Recent Developments in Child Psychiatric Epidemiology.- 4.1. Prevalence Studies.- 4.2. Correlates and Risk Factors.- 4.3. Developmental Issues.- 5. Applications to Clinical Research and Practice.- 5.1. Base Rates of Child Psychiatric Disorder.- 5.2. Referral Bias.- 5.3. Comorbidity.- 5.4. Familial Aggregation.- 5.5. Treatment Outcomes.- 6. Summary and Conclusions.- 7. References.- 3. Recent Developments in High Risk Research.- 1. The High Risk Paradigm.- 2. Studies of the Children of Schizophrenics.- 2.1. The Danish High Risk Project.- 2.2. Other High Risk Studies of the Children of Schizophrenics.- 2.3. Effects of Changes in Diagnostic Systems.- 3. Possible Limitations of the Studies of Children of Schizophrenics.- 4. Alternative Methods for Identifying Individuals Potentially at Risk for Schizophrenia.- 4.1. Biological Markers for Risk.- 4.2. Family Interaction Patterns.- 4.3. Individuals Marked with Schizotypic Traits.- 4.4. Behavioral Markers for Risk.- 5. Individuals at Risk for Other Psychiatric Disorders.- 5.1. Risk for Affective Disorder.- 5.2. Risk for Alcoholism.- 6. Differentiation of Outcome among Offspring of Parents with Different Psychiatric Diagnoses.- 6.1. Multidimensional Models of Developmental Psychopathology.- 7. Implications of High Risk Studies for Intervention.- 8. Conclusions.- 9. References.- 4. Cognitive Approaches to Depression in Children: Current Findings and New Directions.- 1. Depressive Cognitions in Children.- 2. Beck's Information-Processing Model.- 2.1. Current Status of Beck's Model.- 2.2. Cognitive Distortions in Children.- 3. Depressive Attributional Style.- 3.1. Current Status.- 3.2. Children's Control Cognitions and Attribution Style.- 4. Self-Control Cognitions.- 4.1. Current Status.- 4.2. Children's Self-Control Cognitions.- 5. Conclusions and Limitations in Research on Children's Depressive Cognitions.- 5.1. Negative Cognitions and Depressive Phenomenology in Children.- 5.2. Methodological Limitations.- 5.3. Conceptual Issues for Further Investigation.- 5.4. New Directions in Cognition-Depression Relationships in Children.- 6. Clinical Implications.- 7. Conclusion.- 8. References.- 5. Thought Disorder in the Childhood Psychoses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Overview.- 2.1. Diagnostic Issues.- 2.2. Measurement of Formal Thought Disorder in Children.- 3. Development of Instruments for the Measurement of Formal Thought Disorder in Children.- 3.1. The Kiddie Formal Thought Disorder Story Game.- 3.2. The Kiddie Formal Thought Disorder Scale (K-FTDS).- 4. Studies on the K-FTDS.- 5. Reliability of the K-FTDS.- 5.1. Main Findings.- 5.2. Summary.- 5.3. Discussion.- 6. Effectiveness of the Story Game Procedure.- 6.1. Main Findings.- 6.2. Discussion.- 7. Diagnostic Validity of the K-FTDS.- 7.1. Main Findings.- 7.2. Summary.- 7.3. Discussion.- 8. Implications for Future Research.- 9. References.- 6. Convergence of Approaches in Localizing the Hyperactivity Deficit.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Development of a Model.- 2.1. Interpretation of Findings with the AFM.- 2.2. Attention and Controlled-Automatic Processing.- 2.3. Speed-Accuracy Trade-Off.- 3. Energetic Model.- 3.1. Task Structure of the CPT.- 3.2. Signal Density, Event Rate, and Preparation.- 3.3. Dependent Variables and CPT.- 4. Vigilance and Hyperactivity.- 4.1. Taxonomy of Errors in CPT and Processing Tasks.- 4.2. CTP, Drugs, and Hyperactivity.- 4.3. AFM Stimulants and the Locus of ADDH.- 5. AFM, Drugs, and Event-Related Potentials.- 6. Discussion.- 7. References.- 7. Adolescent Pregnancy and Early Sexual Onset.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Consequences of Adolescent Conception.- 3. Influences on Age at First Coitus.- 3.1. Physical Maturation.- 3.2. Cultural Norms.- 3.3. Interactive Effects.- 3.4. The Role of Self-Concept in the Interactive Model.- 4. Early Sexual Behavior.- 4.1. Implications of Adolescent Development for Sexual Behavior.- 4.2. The Nature of Early Sexual Activity.- 4.3. The Timing of Pregnancy Risk.- 5. Intervention and Prevention.- 5.1. Types of Intervention.- 5.2. Implications for Intervention.- 6. References.- 8. Advancing Knowledge about the Onset of Delinquency and Crime.- 1. The Importance of Onset.- 2. Theoretical and Conceptual Issues.- 2.1. Theoretical Constructs.- 2.2. The Criminal-Career Approach.- 2.3. Developmental or Causal Sequences.- 2.4. The Relevance of Criminological Theories.- 3. What Is Known about Onset?.- 3.1. Age-Specific Onset Rates.- 3.2. Onset Sequences.- 3.3. Predicting Onset, Participation, and Persistence.- 3.4. Influence of Age of Onset on Later Development.- 3.5. Offending at Young Ages.- 4. Possible Influences on Onset.- 4.1. Biological Factors.- 4.2. Individual Differences.- 4.3. Family Influences.- 4.4. Peers.- 4.5. Schooling and Delinqueny.- 4.6. Community and Situational Influences.- 4.7. Protective Factors.- 5. Experimental Interventions.- 5.1. Preventing and Delaying Onset.- 5.2. Promoting Individual Competence.- 5.3. Improving Parenting.- 5.4. Peer Influences.- 5.5. School Achievement.- 6. How Can Knowledge Be Advanced?.- 6.1. Critical Questions.- 6.2. Study Designs.- 6.3. Measurement, Analysis, and Reanalysis.- 7. Summary and Conclusions.- 8. References.- 9. The Effects of Craniofacial Deformity, Chronic Illness, and Physical Handicaps on Patient and Familial Adjustment: Research and Clinical Perspectives.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. General Overview of Deformity, Handicap, Illness, and Adjustment.- 1.2. A Brief History of Research on the Social Effects of Facial Morphology: An Interesting Glimpse at the Sociology of Psychology.- 2. Facial Deformity, Attractiveness, and Social Interaction.- 3. Developmental Risks to Craniofacially Deformed Patients.- 3.1. Effects of Infant Facial Anomalies on Mother-Infant Interaction.- 3.2. Influence of Facial Configuration and Deformity on the Development of Social Competence in Chudhood.- 3.3. Physical Attractiveness and Development in Adolescence.- 3.4. Microanalytic Models of How Facial Configuration May Influence Social Interaction.- 4. Conceptual and Methodological Issues.- 5. Clinical Implications of Research on Children with Craniofacial Deformities and Other Handicaps.- 5.1. The Need for Multidisciplinary Management of Physical Anomalies.- 5.2. Coping Strategies and Resilience Processes.- 6. References.- 10. Adjustment to Serious Childhood Illness.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Childhood Cancer.- 3. Sickle-Cell Disease.- 4. Psychological Adjustment and Illness.- 4.1. Disease Adjustment.- 4.2. Psychosocial Development and Maturation.- 4.3. Self-Concept.- 4.4. Social Functioning.- 4.5. Academic Adjustment.- 5. Factors Affecting the Risk of Dysfunction.- 5.1. Medical Stress.- 5.2. Temporal Factors.- 5.3. Family Functioning.- 6. Issues in Clinical Assessment.- 6.1. Accuracy of Clinical Assessment.- 7. Conclusion.- 8. References.