The Sourcebook of Listening Research

DEBRA L. WORTHINGTON is Professor and Associate Director for Communication at Auburn University, USA. She is the principal author of the leading textbook Listening: Processes, Functions, and Competency (2011). She has published numerous research articles on listening - particularly as related to measurement and individual listening style. Her research has been recognized by the International Listening Association, the American Society of Trial Consultants, the European Communication Research and Education Association, the National Communication Association, the Eastern Communication Association, and the Southern Communication Association. Worthington has received the Ralph G. Nichols Listening Award (International Listening Association) and the Burton Award for Legal Achievement (Burton Foundation), and is a past president of the International Listening Association. GRAHAM D. BODIE (PhD, Purdue University), formerly Professor of Communication Studies at Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College, is now on faculty in the Meek School of Journalism and New Media at The University of Mississippi. His research on listening and the social cognitive underpinnings of human communicative behavior has been published in Human Communication Research, Communication Monographs, Communication Research, Communication Yearbook, and the International Journal of Listening, among other outlets. Graham's research has been funded by the Louisiana Board of Regents and the National Science Foundation, and he regularly appears in local and national media outlets on issues relevant to listening in close relationships.

Notes on Contributors xi

Preface xxii

Section One Decisions for the Measurement of Listening 1

Chapter 1 Defining Listening: A Historical, Theoretical, and Pragmatic Assessment 3
Debra L. Worthington and Graham D. Bodie

Section Two Methodological Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities in Listening Research 19

Chapter 2 Measuring Listening 21
Graham D. Bodie and Debra L. Worthington

Chapter 3 Qualitative Approaches and Listening Research 45
Barbara Cook Overton

Chapter 4 Modeling and Measuring Cognitive Components of Listening 70
Debra L. Worthington

Chapter 5 Measuring Affective Components of Listening 97
Graham D. Bodie and Susanne M. Jones

Chapter 6 Measuring Behavioral Components of Listening 123
Graham D. Bodie

Section Three Measurement Profiles 151

Profile 1 The Academic Listening Self-rating Questionnaire (ALSA) 153
Vahid Aryadoust and Christine C. M. Goh

Profile 2 Active - Empathic Listening Scale (AELS) 161
Shaughan A. Keaton

Profile 3 Active Listening Attitude Scale (ALAS) 167
Brock Bybee and Jonathon Frost

Profile 4 Active Listening Observation Scale (ALOS) 174
Andrea J. Vickery

Profile 5 Affectionate Communication Scale (TAS) (Trait-Given & Trait-Received) 180
Kory Floyd and Mark Alan Generous

Profile 6 Affectionate Communication Index (ACI) 186
Kory Floyd and Lisa J. van Raalte

Profile 7 Attributional Complexity Scale (ACS) 191
Michael Navarro

Profile 8 Audio Message Complexity: Audio Content Change (Acc) and Audio Information Introduced (Aii) 198
Robert F. Potter and Annie Lang

Profile 9 Communicative Adaptability Scale (CAS) 204
Gwen A. Hullman

Profile 10 Communication Competency Assessment Instrument (CCAI) 212
Phil Backlund

Profile 11 Communication Functions Questionnaire (CFQ-30) 217
Graham D. Bodie

Profile 12 Conversational Listening Span (CLS) 224
Debra L. Worthington and Courtney Edwards

Profile 13 Conversational Sensitivity Scale (CSS) 232
Debra L. Worthington

Profile 14 The Couples Helping Exercise 239
Andrew C. High, Jenny L. Crowley, and Emily M. Buehler

Profile 15 Doctors’ Interpersonal Skills Questionnaire (DISQ) 246
Helen Meldrum

Profile 16 Effective Listening and Interactive Communication Scale (ELICS) 252
Gillian King and Michelle Servais

Profile 17 Empathic Accuracy: Standard Stimulus Paradigm (EA-SSP) 259
Vivian Ta and William Ickes

Profile 18 Empathic Accuracy: Unstructured Dyadic Interaction Paradigm (EA-UDIP) 265
Vivian Ta and William Ickes

Profile 19 Facilitating Listening Scale (FLS) 272
Avraham N. Kluger and Osnat Bouskila-Yam

Profile 20 Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) 281
Carly M. Danielson and Susanne M. Jones

Profile 21 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) 290
Iballa Burunat and Elvira Brattico

Profile 22 Highly Sensitive Person Scale (HSPS) 299
Christopher C. Gearhart

Profile 23 HURIER Listening Profile 306
Margarete Imhof

Profile 24 Informational Reception Apprehension Test (IRAT) 313
Shaughan A. Keaton

Profile 25 Interaction Involvement Scale (IIS) 319
Debra L. Worthington

Profile 26 Feffer’s Interpersonal Decentering 327
Molly S. Tucker and Sharon Rae Jenkins

Profile 27 Interpersonal Process Recall (IPR) 334
Christopher T. Belser

Profile 28 Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) 340
Shaughan A. Keaton

Profile 29 Language Style Matching (LSM) 348
Kaitlin Cannava

Profile 30 Leader-Member Exchange 7 Questionnaire (LMX-7) 354
Lisa K. Hanasono

Profile 31 Listenability Style Guide (LSG) 361
Graham D. Bodie

Profile 32 Listening Concepts Inventory (LCI and LCI-R) 372
Debra L. Worthington

Profile 33 Listening Fidelity (LF) 379
Margarete Imhof

Profile 34 Listening Practices Feedback Report (LPFR) 387
Debra L. Worthington

Profile 35 Listening Span Tests 394
Margarete Imhof

Profile 36 Listening Styles Profile-Revised (LSP-R) 402
Graham D. Bodie and Debra L. Worthington

Profile 37 Medical Communication Competence Scale (MCCS) 410
Danielle Blanch-Hartigan

Profile 38 Memory for Conversation 419
Jonathon Frost and Brock Bybee

Profile 39 Metacognitive Awareness Listening Questionnaire (MALQ) 430
Christine C. M. Goh

Profile 40 Metacognitive Listening Strategies Instrument (MLSI) 438
Laura A. Janusik

Profile 41 Microanalysis of Face-to-Face Dialogue (MFD) 445
Janet Bavelas, Jennifer Gerwing, Sara Healing, and Christine Tomori

Profile 42 Multidimensional Evaluation of Enacted Social Support (MEESS) 453
Daena J. Goldsmith and Abbey Griscom

Profile 43 Multitasking While Listening 458
Jonathon Frost and Brock Bybee

Profile 44 Narrative Believability Scale (NBS-12) 465
Graham D. Bodie

Profile 45 Narrative Engagement Measure (NEM) 469
Jenny L. Crowley and Jennifer A. Jackl

Profile 46 Weinstein Noise Sensitivity Scale (WNSS) 475
Debra L. Worthington

Profile 47 Nonverbal Immediacy Measures 482
Jane B. Teel

Profile 48 Normative Message Processing Scale (NMPS) 496
R. Kelly Aune and Rodney A. Reynolds

Profile 49 Ordinary Conversation Scale (OCS) 504
Brian Lakey and Travis Sain

Profile 50 Organizational Listening Survey (OLS) 509
Laura A. Janusik

Profile 51 Perceived Partner Responsiveness Scale (PPRS) 516
Harry T. Reis, Dev Crasta, Ronald D. Rogge, Michael R. Maniaci, and Cheryl L. Carmichael

Profile 52 Profile of Nonverbal Sensitivity (PONS) 522
Laura A. Janusik

Profile 53 Rational-Experiential Inventory–40 (REI-40) 530
Shaughan A. Keaton

Profile 54 Relational Framing 537
Denise Haunani Solomon and Sara K. Salmon

Profile 55 Rhetorical Sensitivity Scale (RHETSEN) 545
Shaughan A. Keaton

Profile 56 Role Category Questionnaire (RCQ) 552
Andrea J. Vickery

Profile 57 Self-Perceived Listening Competence Scale (SPLCS) 560
Margarete Imhof

Profile 58 Talkaholic Scale (Compulsive Communication Scale) (TAS) 566
Debra L. Worthington

Profile 59 Team Listening Environment (TLE) 573
Michelle K. Johnston and Kendra Reed

Profile 60 Time Studies 578
Graham D. Bodie

Profile 61 The Listening Test of the Internet-Based Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL iBT) 592
Vahid Aryadoust

Profile 62 Verbal Aggressiveness Scale (VAS) 599
Timothy R. Levine

Profile 63 Taxonomy of Verbal Response Modes (VRM) 605
William B. Stiles

Profile 64 Watson-Barker Listening Test (WBLT) 612
Debra L. Worthington

Profile 65 Willingness to Listen (WTL) 617
Andrea J. Vickery

Index 624