Drugs Looking for Diseases

1. The controlled clinical trial — a model for the intricate relationships between clinical medicine and drug research.- 1.1. Introduction.- 1.2. The evolution of the controlled clinical trial (CCT).- 1.3 The implementation of the controlled clinical trial in drug research.- 1.4. Criticism of the classical view of the controlled clinical trial.- 1.5. Conclusions.- 2. The architecture of drug discovery.- 2.1. Introduction.- 1. The discovery process.- 2.2. Current views of drug discovery.- 2.3. Scientific discovery from the viewpoint of cognitive science.- 2.4. The drug discovery process revisited.- 2. The representation of knowledge about drugs and diseases.- 2.5. An epistemological analysis of the concept of drug and disease profiles.- 3. A set-theoretical model of drug discovery.- 2.6. A definition of the concept of profile in terms of set theory.- 2.7. The drug discovery process — a set-theoretical model.- 3.Experimental and therapeutic profiling in drug innovation: the early history of the beta blockers.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. Historical overview of the development of the beta blockers.- 3.3. From Dale to Ahlquist: a new methodology in pharmacology.- 3.4. Change in the concepts of agonist and antagonist.- 3.5. Experimental and therapeutic profiling in drug innovation.- 3.6. Conclusions.- 4. Industrial research and beta blockade.- 4.1. Introduction.- 4.2. Beta blocker research at Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI).- 4.3. The beta blocker project of Eli Lilly & Co..- 4.4. The beta blocker project of Mead Johnson.- 4.5. The beta blocker project of AB Hässle.- 4.6. The beta blocker project at CIBA.- 4.7. Conclusions.- 5. Verapamil: dying drug or sleeping beauty?.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 The early history of verapamil.- 5.3 Verapamil: a coronary vasodilator?.- 5.4Verapamil: a beta blocker?.- 5.5. Verapamil: a calcium antagonist! — The elucidation of verapamil’s mechanism of action by Fleckenstein.- 5.6. Citation analysis of the concept of calcium antagonism elaborated by Fleckenstein.- 5.7. The application of the theory of drug and disease profiles.- 5.8. Conclusions.- 6. Metamorphosis of a disease — Profiles of angina pectoris in Anglo-American medicine.- 6.1. Introduction.- 6.2. Anglo-American medical views of angina pectoris.- 6.3. Disease profiles of angina pectoris in Anglo-American medicine: cognitive dimensions..- 6.4. Disease profiles of angina pectoris in Anglo-American medicine: social dimensions.- 6.5. Anti-anginal drugs in the light of changing views of angina pectoris.- 6.6. Conclusions.- 7. Targeting in drug research and the medical scene The beta blocker project at Boehringer against the background of different views in German and Anglo-American medicine.- 7.1 Introduction.- 1. The medical scene — different views in German and Anglo-American medicine.- 2. The influence of medical perceptions on targeting in drug research.- 7.3. The beta blocker project at Boehringer Ingelheim.- 3. Application of the theory of drug and disease profile.- 7.4. Theoretical analysis of the Boehringer project against the background of medical views about angina pectoris and heart failure.- 7.5. Conclusions.- 8.Search processes, profiles and therapeutic practice in drug discovery.- 8.1. Introduction.- 8.2. The search process in drug discovery.- 8.3. Evaluation of the theory of drug discovery.- 8.4. Practice - the contribution to drug discovery.- 8.5. Conclusions.- 9. The enigma of drug discovery.- Notes.- 1.- 2.- 3.- 4.- 5.- 6.- 7.- 8.- 9.- References.- Appendices.- Appendix I. The ranking order aspect of the concept ofprofile.- Appendix II. Bibliometrical analysis of the impact of Fleckenstein’s concept of calcium antagonism.- Appendix III. Bibliometrical analysis of Charlier’s “Antianginal Drugs”.- Name Index.