The Smallest Anthropoids (eBook)

Susan M. Ford is Associate Professor and Chair of the Department of Anthropology, and past Director of the Center for Systematic Biology, Southern Illinois University.Leila M. Porter is Associate Professor in the Department of Anthropology, Northern Illinois University. Lesa C. Davis is Associate Professor of the Department of Anthropology and Special Assistant to the President, Northeastern Illinois University, and Research Associate in the Field Museum of Natural History.

125266_Ford_FM.pdf 1
1.pdf 22
Anchor 1 23
Chapter 1 24
Molecular Phylogenetics of the Callitrichidae with an Emphasis on the Marmosets and 24
1.1 Introduction 25
1.2 The Molecular Data 27
1.2.1 Types of Data 27
1.2.2 Gene Trees Versus Species Trees 28
1.2.3 Loci Used for Neotropical Primate Phylogenies 29
1.3 Callitrichid Relationships 30
1.3.1 The Callitrichid Genera 30
1.3.2 The Position of Callimicos (The Goeldi’s Monkey), 38
1.3.3 Relations of Saguinus and Leontopithecus 39
1.4 Discussion and Final Remarks 40
References 42
2.pdf 46
Chapter 2 46
The Systematics and Distributions of the Marmosets (Callithrix, Callibella, Cebuella, and Mico) and Callimico (Calli 46
2.1 Introduction 47
2.2 Distributions and Some Notes on the Taxonomy of the Species 53
2.2.1 Genus Callithrix Erxleben, 1777 53
2.2.1.1 Callithrix jacchus (Linnaeus, 1758) Common Marmoset 53
2.2.1.2 Callithrix penicillata (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812) Black-Tufted-Ear Marmoset 56
2.2.1.3 Callithrix kuhlii Coimbra-Filho, 1985 Wied’s Black-Tufted-Ear Marmoset 58
2.2.1.4 Callithrix geoffroyi (Humboldt, 1812) Geoffroy’s Marmoset 59
2.2.1.5 Callithrix aurita (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812) Buffy-Tufted-Ear Marmoset 60
2.2.1.6 Callithrix flaviceps (Thomas, 1903) Buffy-Headed Marmoset 61
2.2.2 Genus Callibella Van Roosmalen and Van Roosmalen, 2003 62
2.2.2.1 Callibella humilis (Van Roosmalen et al., 1998) Dwarf marmoset 62
2.2.3 Genus Cebuella Gray, 1866 62
2.2.3.1 Cebuella pygmaea pygmaea (Spix, 1823) Western Pygmy Marmoset 62
2.2.3.2 Cebuella pygmaea niveiventris Lönnberg, 1940 Eastern Pygmy Marmoset 63
2.2.4 Genus Mico Lesson, 1840 64
2.2.4.1 Mico argentatus (Linnaeus, 1771) Silvery Marmoset 64
2.2.4.2 Mico leucippe (Thomas, 1922) Golden-White Bare-Ear Marmoset 65
2.2.4.3 Mico emiliae (Thomas, 1920) Snethlage’s Marmoset 65
2.2.4.4 Mico melanurus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812) Black-Tailed Marmoset 66
2.2.4.5 Mico marcai (Alperin, 1993) Marca’s Marmoset 67
2.2.4.6 Mico intermedius (Hershkovitz, 1977) Aripuanã Marmoset 68
2.2.4.7 Mico nigriceps (Ferrari and Lopes, 1992) Black-Headed Marmoset 68
2.2.4.8 Mico cf. emiliae (de Vivo, 1985) Rondônia Marmoset 69
2.2.4.9 Mico humeralifer (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812) Santarém Marmoset 70
2.2.4.10 Mico chrysoleucus (Wagner, 1842) Golden-White Tassel-Ear Marmoset 70
2.2.4.11 Mico mauesi (Mittermeier et al., 1992) Maués Marmoset 71
2.2.4.12 Mico saterei (Silva and Noronha, 1998) Sateré Marmoset 71
2.2.4.13 Mico manicorensis (Van Roosmalen et al., 2000) Manicoré Marmoset 72
2.2.4.14 Mico acariensis (Van Roosmalen et al., 2000) Rio Acarí Marmoset 72
2.2.5 Genus Callimico Miranda Ribeiro, 1912 Callimico or Goeldi’s monkey 72
2.2.5.1 Callimico goeldii (Thomas, 1904) Callimico or Goeldi’s Monkey 72
2.3 Some Reflections and a Summary 73
References 75
3.pdf 83
Chapter 3 83
The Vocal Identity of the Callithrix Species (Primates, Callitrichidae) 83
3.1 Introduction 84
3.2 Methodology 86
3.2.1 The Study Area 86
3.2.2 Methods 88
3.3 Results 89
3.3.1 Long Call General Structure 89
3.3.2 Number of Notes per Long Call 89
3.3.3 Duration of Long Calls 92
3.3.4 Frequency Parameters of Long Calls 93
3.3.5 Comparison of the First Three Notes of the Long Call 93
3.3.6 Attributes of Note 1 96
3.3.6.1 Note 1 Duration 98
3.3.6.2 Interval Between Notes 1 and 2 98
3.3.6.3 Note 1 Initial Frequency 98
3.3.6.4 Note 1 Mean Frequency 98
3.3.6.5 Note 1 Frequency Modulation 99
3.3.7 Synthesis of the Differences Between Species 99
3.4 Discussion 99
References 102
Chapter 4 107
Social Behavior of Callimicos: Mating Strategies and Infant Care 107
4.1 Introduction 109
4.1.1 Cooperative Infant Care 110
4.2 Methods 112
4.3 Results 113
4.3.1 Adult Relations 113
4.3.2 Adult–Infant Relations 115
4.3.3 Female and Male Diets 116
4.4 Discussion 117
References 119
5.pdf 122
Chapter 5 122
Genetic Structure Within and Among Populations of the Common Marmoset, Callithrix jacchus: Implications for Cooperative Br 122
5.1 Cooperative Breeding in the Callitrichidae 123
5.2 Genetic Studies of the Callitrichidae 125
5.2.1 Background and Difficulties 125
5.2.2 Genetic Structure Among Populations of Callithrix jacchus 126
5.2.3 Kin Structure Within Social Groups of Callithrix jacchus 127
5.2.4 Group Composition and Its Implication for Social Control of Reproduction in Common Marmosets 132
5.3 Conclusions and Future Work 132
References 133
6.pdf 137
Chapter 6 137
Mating Systems and Female–Female Competition in the Common Marmoset, Callithrix jacchus 137
6.1 Introduction 139
6.2 Reproductive Skew Models of Control 139
6.3 Callitrichid Social Organization and Mating Systems 140
6.4 Female Competition in a Wild Callithrix jacchus Population 141
6.4.1 Mating Systems 141
6.4.2 Costs of Polygyny 142
6.5 Dominance and Control in Captive Common Marmoset Groups 144
6.6 Do Helpers Help? 147
6.7 Conclusions 148
References 149
7.pdf 152
Chapter 7 152
Balancing Cooperation and Competition in Callitrichid Primates: Examining the Relative Risk of Infanticide Across Species 152
7.1 Introduction 153
7.2 Conditions that may Give Rise to Infanticide in Callitrichids 157
7.2.1 Multiple Breeding Females 157
7.2.2 Infant Care Costs, Ecology, and the Propensity for Multiple Breeding Females 160
7.2.2.1 Group Composition 160
7.2.2.2 Travel Costs 161
7.2.2.3 Infant Care and Overlapping Dependency Periods 162
7.2.2.4 Population Density/Habitat Saturation 163
7.2.3 Dominance Relationships and the Propensity for Infanticide 163
7.2.4 Reproductive Physiology 164
7.2.4.1 Suppression of Reproduction 164
7.2.4.2 Proximate Mechanisms of Female Aggression Toward Infants 165
7.3 Discussion: Balancing Cooperation and Competition in Callitrichids 165
References 167
8.pdf 171
Chapter 8 171
Social Hierarchy and Dispersal in Free-Ranging Buffy-Headed Marmosets (Callithrix flaviceps) 171
8.1 Introduction 172
8.2 Methods 173
8.2.1 Study Site and Animals 173
8.2.2 Behavioral Data 173
8.3 Results 175
8.4 Discussion 177
References 179
9.pdf 182
Chapter 9 182
Emigration as a Reproductive Strategy of the Common Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) 182
9.1 Demographic Data for Primate Populations 184
9.2 Hormonal Aspects of Male and Female Common Marmoset Dominance 185
9.3 Long-Term Data About Emigration in a Population of Common Marmosets 187
9.3.1 General Emigration Data 187
9.3.2 Hormonal Data of Emigrating Females 189
9.4 Captive Studies and the Response of Males and Females to Social and Environmental Changes 190
9.5 Why Do Adult Common Marmoset Females Disperse? 193
References 194
10.pdf 198
Chapter 10 198
Social and Physical Cognition in Marmosets and Tamarins 198
10.1 Introduction 199
10.2 Spatial Cognition 202
10.3 Object Permanence 203
10.4 Socially Influenced Foraging 206
10.5 Stimulus Enhancement 208
10.6 Imitation 210
10.7 Conclusion 213
References 214
11.pdf 217
Chapter 11 219
Limited Dispersal and Genetic Structure of Silvery Marmosets (Mico argentatus) in the Fragmented Landscape of Central Amazoni 219
11.1 Introduction 220
11.2 Methods 222
11.2.1 Study Area and Samples 222
11.2.2 Extraction of DNA and Microsatellite Analysis 223
11.2.3 Data Analysis 223
11.3 Results 224
11.4 Discussion 229
11.4.1 Genetic Diversity 229
11.4.2 Deviations from Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium 231
11.4.3 Implications for Conservation 232
References 233
12.pdf 235
Chapter 12 235
Habitat Use and Ranging Behavior of the Silvery Marmoset (Mico argentatus) at Caxiuanã National Forest (Eastern Brazilian A 235
12.1 Introduction 236
12.2 Materials and Methods 238
12.2.1 Study Area 238
12.2.2 The Study Group 240
12.2.3 Data Collection and Analysis 240
12.3 Results 241
12.3.1 Habitat Use 241
12.3.2 Ranging Behavior 242
12.3.2.1 Ranging Behavior – General 242
12.3.2.2 Ranging Behavior by Seasons 244
12.3.3 Sleeping Sites 247
12.4 Discussion 248
12.4.1 Habitat Use 248
12.4.2 Ranging Behavior 249
12.4.3 Sleeping Sites 250
12.5 Conclusion 250
References 251
13.pdf 255
Chapter 13 255
Ranging Patterns of Callimico goeldii (callimico) in a Mixed Species Group 255
13.1 Introduction 257
13.2 Methods 259
13.2.1 Study Site and Study Group 259
13.2.2 Data Collection 260
13.2.3 Map Construction 260
13.2.4 Data Analyses 261
13.3 Results 263
13.3.1 Home Range Size and Overlap 263
13.3.2 Ranging and Resources 264
13.3.3 Ranging and Monitoring Boundaries 265
13.3.4 Intergroup Encounters 265
13.4 Discussion 266
13.4.1 Home Range Size and Overlap 266
13.4.2 Spatiotemporal Variation in Ranging 267
References 269
14.pdf 273
Chapter 14 273
A Comparative Study of the Kinematics of Trunk-to-Trunk Leaping in Callimico goeldii, Callithrix jacchus, and Cebu 273
14.1 Introduction 275
14.2 Methods 277
14.2.1 Animals, Research Facility and Research Design 277
14.2.2 Kinematic Analysis 278
14.3 Results 280
14.3.1 Quantitative Analysis of Trunk-to-Trunk Leaping 281
14.4 Discussion 286
References 289
15.pdf 292
Chapter 15 292
Locomotion, Postures, and Habitat Use by Pygmy Marmosets (Cebuella pygmaea) 292
15.1 Introduction 294
15.2 Study Site, Subjects, and Methods 296
15.3 Results 298
15.3.1 Habitat Utilization 298
15.3.2 Feeding and Foraging 300
15.3.3 Travel Locomotion 302
15.4 Discussion 304
References 308
16.pdf 311
Chapter 16 313
Mother’s Little Helper? The Placenta and Its Role in Intrauterine Maternal Investment in the Common Marmoset (Callithrix jacc 313
16.1 Introduction 315
16.2 The Marmoset Placenta 316
16.2.1 The Marmoset Placenta in Comparative Context 316
16.2.2 Implantation and Early Placental Growth and Development 318
16.3 Litter Size Variation in Marmosets and Its Relation to Maternal Investment 320
16.4 The Model: Intrauterine Growth Retardation and Elevated Conflict Over Resource Allocation 322
16.4.1 Maternal Effects on Fetal, Postnatal, and Placental Growth 322
16.4.2 The Fetal/Placental Weight Ratio and Intrauterine Conflict 323
16.5 The Study: Assessing the Effects of Litter Size and Maternal Condition on Fetal and Placental Relations in the Marmose 324
16.5.1 Methods 324
16.5.2 Results 325
16.5.2.1 Litter Size and the Fetal/Placental Weight Ratio 325
16.5.2.2 Relations between Maternal Condition and Litter and Fetal Characteristics 327
16.5.2.3 Maternal Birth Weight 331
16.5.2.4 Maternal Age 331
16.5.2.5 Maternal Variables and the Fetal/Placental Weight Ratio 332
16.6 Discussion 333
16.7 Conflicting Demands, Competing Strategies 337
Reference 312
References 338
17.pdf 342
Chapter 17 342
Size and Shape in Callimico and Marmoset Skulls: Allometry and Heterochrony in the Morphological Evolution of Small Anthropoids 342
17.1 Introduction 343
17.2 Materials and Methods 344
17.2.1 Data and Measurements 344
17.2.2 Size, Scaling and Allometry 345
17.2.3 Differentiation Analyses and Sexual Dimorphism 348
17.2.4 Life History 348
17.3 Results 349
17.3.1 Sexual Dimorphism 349
17.3.2 Differentiation Analyses 350
17.3.3 Allometry 354
17.3.4 Life History 354
17.4 Discussion 354
References 363
18.pdf 365
Chapter 18 365
Cranial Morphology of the Dwarf Marmoset Callibella in the Context of Callitrichid Variability 365
18.1 Introduction 366
18.2 Methods 372
18.3 Results 374
18.4 Discussion 380
19.pdf 391
Chapter 19 391
The Functional Significance of Jaw-Muscle Fiber Architecture in Tree-Gouging Marmosets 391
19.1 Introduction 393
19.2 Forces and Movements During Tree Gouging 394
19.3 Implications of Fiber Architecture for Muscle Function 395
19.4 Fiber Architecture and Jaw Function in a Specialized Feeding Behavior 396
19.5 Functional and Adaptive Implications of Fiber Architecture for Tree Gouging 401
References 402
20.pdf 405
Chapter 20 405
The Evolutionary Morphology of Tree Gouging in Marmosets 405
20.1 Introduction 407
20.2 The Prevalence and Importance of Tree Gouging in Marmoset Behavioral Ecology 408
20.3 Determining Masticatory Apparatus Function During Gouging 409
20.4 Evaluating the Relative Nature of Gouging Performance 411
20.5 Linking Laboratory Data to Natural Environments: Giving the Laboratory a Biological Role 414
20.6 Morphology of the Marmoset Masticatory Apparatus and Tree Gouging 416
20.7 Evolution of the Marmoset Masticatory Apparatus for Tree Gouging 416
References 417
21.pdf 420
Chapter 21 420
Marmoset Postcrania and the Skeleton of the Dwarf Marmoset, Callibella humilis 420
21.1 Introduction 422
21.2 Materials and Methods 425
21.3 Results 430
21.3.1 Multivariate Analyses 430
21.3.2 Univariate Analyses 432
21.3.2.1 Marmoset Traits 432
21.3.2.2 Callithrix Traits 434
21.3.2.3 Mico and Cebuella Shared Traits 434
21.3.2.4 Mico Traits 436
21.3.2.5 Cebuella Traits 437
21.3.2.6 Callibella Traits 439
21.3.2.7 Callithrix and Other Marmoset Traits 440
21.4 Discussion 440
21.5 Summary and Conclusions 444
21.6 Appendix 1: Measurement Definitions and Abbreviations 444
21.6.1 Scapula 444
21.6.2 Humerus 445
21.6.3 Radius 446
21.6.4 Ulna 447
21.6.5 Carpus 448
21.6.7 Femur 448
21.6.8 Patella 449
21.6.10 Fibula 450
21.6.11 Astragalus 451
21.6.12 Calcaneus 452
21.6.13 Distal Tarsus 452
21.7 Appendix 2: Specimens Examined 453
References 453
22.pdf 458
Chapter 22 459
Conservation Status of Pygmy Marmosets (Cebuella pygmaea) in Ecuador 459
22.1 Introduction 460
22.2 Methods 461
22.2.1 Study Areas 461
22.2.2 Observations of Groups 464
22.2.3 Population Censuses 464
22.3 Results and Discussion 465
22.3.1 Group Size and Composition 465
22.3.2 Home Range and Habitat Use 466
22.3.3 Population Densities 467
22.3.4 Habitat Destruction 468
22.3.5 Human Impact on Pygmy Marmosets: The Case of the San Pablo Population 468
22.4 Re-Evaluation of the Conservation Status of Pygmy Marmosets in Ecuador 469
22.5 Some Concluding Remarks 470
References 471
23.pdf 473
Chapter 23 473
Conservation of the Marmosets and Callimicos 473
23.1 Diversity and Conservation 474
23.2 Current Trends 477
23.3 Perspectives for the Future 480
References 483
125266_Ford_Taxonomic Index.pdf 486
125266_Ford_Subject Index.pdf 489
Chapter 4 1
Social Behavior of Callimicos: Mating Strategies and Infant Care 1
4.1 Introduction 1
4.1.1 Cooperative Infant Care 1
4.2 Methods 1
4.3 Results 1
4.3.1 Adult Relations 1
4.3.2 Adult–Infant Relations 1
4.3.3 Female and Male Diets 1
4.4 Discussion 1
References 1