Pediatric Psychopharmacology

Andrés Martin, MD, MPH is the Riva Ariella Ritvo Professor at the Yale Child Study Center. He serves as medical director of the Children's Psychiatric Inpatient Service (CIPS) at Yale-New Haven Children's Hospital, and as editor-in-chief of the flagship Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Lawrence Scahill, MSN, PhD is Professor of Nursing and Child Psychiatry at Yale University. He directs the Yale Research Unit on Pediatric Psychopharmacology focused on the development and testing of pharmacological treatments for children with serious psychiatric disorders. Christopher J. Kratochvil, M.D. is the Assistant Vice Chancellor for Clinical Research at the University of Nebraska Medical Center. He serves as the Chief Medical Officer of UNeHealth. Additionally, he is a Professor of Psychiatry & Pediatrics, and Assistant Director of the Psychopharmacology Research Consortium.

Final Table of Contents:

Contributors xxi
SECTION I BIOLOGICAL BASES OF PEDIATRIC PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY
I-A Developmental Principles of Neurobiology and Psychopharmacology 3
1. Overview of Brain Development 5
Flora M. Vaccarino and James F. Leckman
2. Synaptic Function and Biochemical Neuroanatomy 23
Stephan Heckers, Christine Konradi, and George M. Anderson
3. Developmental Principles of Pharmacokinetics 38
Alexander A. Vinks, Philip D. Walson, and Shannon N. Saldaña
4. Cytochrome P450-Mediated Interactions 50
Jessica Oesterheld and Miia Turpeinen
I-B Genetic Principles 65
5. Molecular Genetics 67
Susan Goebel-Goody, Surojit Paul, and Paul J. Lombroso
6. Pharmacogenetics 81
George M. Anderson, Jeremy Veenstra-VanderWeele,
Edwin H. Cook, and James T. McCracken
I-C Developmental Psychopathology 93
7. Neurobiology of Attention Regulation and its Disorders 95
A.F.T. Arnsten and F.X. Castellanos
8. Neurobiology of Early Life Stress: Evolving Concepts 112
Joan Kaufman and Natalie Weder
9. Neurobiology of Early-Onset Mood Disorders 124
Frank P. MacMaster, David R. Rosenberg, and Joan Kaufman
10. Neurobiology of Early-Onset Anxiety Disorders 139
Kate B. Nooner, Amy K. Roy, and Daniel S. Pine
11. Neurobiology of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 148
Tanya K. Murphy, Kytja K.S. Voeller, and S. Evelyn Stewart
12. Neurobiologic Substrates of Tic Disorders 171
James F. Leckman, Michael H. Bloch, Michelle Hampson,
and Robert A. King
13. Neurobiology of Childhood Schizophrenia and Related Disorders 189
Anand Mattai, Judith L. Rapoport, and Nitin Gogtay
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14. Neurobiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders: Implications for
Improving Pharmacotherapy 200
Alexander Westphal and Kevin Pelphrey
15. Neurobiology of Aggression 211
Markus J.P. Kruesi, Sondra Keller, and Julie Ann Jensen
16. Neurobiology of Eating Disorders 226
Johannes Hebebrand, Kerstin Konrad, and Beate Herpertz-Dahlmann
17. Neurobiology of Substance Abuse Disorders 237
Kathryn J. Reissner and Peter W. Kalivas

SECTION II SOMATIC INTERVENTIONS
II-A Psychotropic Agents 249
18. Stimulants 251
J. Daughton and Christopher Kratochvil
19. á 2 -Adrenergic Agonists: Clonidine and Guanfacine 263
Jeffrey H. Newcorn, Suzanne Clerkin, Kurt P. Schulz,
and Jeffrey M. Halperin
20. Antidepressants I: Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors 275
Paul E. Croarkin, Graham J. Emslie, and Taryn L. Mayes
21. Antidepressants II: Other Agents 296
Emily Frosch
22. Mood Stabilizers: Lithium, Anticonvulsants, and Others 297
Robert A. Kowatch, Jeffrey R. Strawn, and Arman Danielyan
23. Antipsychotic Agents: Traditional and Atypical 312
Christoph U. Correll
24. Anxiolytics and Sedative/Hypnotics: Benzodiazepines,
Buspirone, and Others 338
Shannon R. Barnett and Mark A. Riddle
II-B Other Somatic Interventions 351
25. Complementary and Alternative Medicine in
Pediatric Psychopharmacology 353
Joseph M. Rey, Garry Walter, and Nerissa Soh
26. Electroconvulsive Therapy, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation,
and Vagus Nerve Stimulation 363
Garry Walter, Joseph M. Rey, Neera Ghaziuddin, and Colleen Loo

SECTION III ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT
III-A General Principles 377
27. Running a Pediatric Psychopharmacology Clinic: Practical Aspects 379
Carlo G. Carandang, Christopher J. Kratochvil, Lawrence Scahill, and
Andrés Martin
28. Clinical Instruments and Scales in Pediatric Psychopharmacology 389
Elizabeth Hurt, L. Eugene Arnold, and Michael G. Aman
29. Combining Pharmacotherapy and Psychotherapy: An Evidence-based
Approach 407
Christopher J. Kratochvil, Karen Wells, and John S. March
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30. Thinking About Prescribing: The Psychology of
Psychopharmacology 422
Kyle D. Pruett, Shashank V. Joshi, and Andrés Martin
III-B Specifi c Disorders and Syndromes 435
31. Assessment and Treatment of Attention Defi cit
Hyperactivity Disorder 437
Thomas Spencer, Joseph Biederman, and Timothy Wilens
32. Assessment and Treatment of Child and Adolescent
Depressive Disorders 453
Boris Birmaher and David Brent
33. Assessment and Treatment of Child and Adolescent Bipolar Disorder 466
Jayasree J. Nandagopal and Melissa P. DelBello
34. Assessment and Treatment of Child and Adolescent
Anxiety Disorders 480
John Walkup
35. Assessment and Treatment of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder 496
Gagan Joshi and Daniel A. Geller
36. Assessment and Treatment of Tourette Syndrome and
Other Tic Disorders 516
Lawrence Scahill, Robert A. King, Paul Lombroso, Denis G. Sukhodolsky,
and James F. Leckman
37. Assessment and Treatment of Early-onset Schizophrenia
Spectrum Disorders 531
Linmarie Sikich and Terrence Carter Bethea
38. Assessment and Treatment of Autistic and Other Pervasive
Developmental Disorders 547
Christopher J. McDougle and David J. Posey
39. Assessment and Treatment of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder 561
Craig L. Donnelly and Jennifer L. Mclaren
40. Assessment and Treatment of Eating Disorders and Obesity 570
Beate Herpertz-Dahlmann and Johannes Hebebrand
III-C Special Clinical Populations 585
41. Psychopharmacology and Substance Use Disorders 587
Martin Gignac, James G. Waxmonsky, and Timothy Wilens
42. Individuals with Intellectual Disability 600
Michael G. Aman, Cristan A. Farmer, Ronald L. Lindsay,
and L. Eugene Arnold
43. Psychopharmacology in the Medically Ill Child or Adolescent 617
Jonathan A. Slater, John Saroyan, and Nika Dyakina
44. Psychopharmacology During Pregnancy: Infant Considerations 627
C. Neill Epperson
45. Psychopharmacological Treatment of Preschoolers 646
Mary Margaret Gleason
46. Insomnia in Children and Adolescents 657
Judith A. Owens
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III-D Other Areas of Clinical Concern 669
47. Aggression 671
Bruce Meltzer, Martha Castro, and Jean A. Frazier
48. Management of Elimination and Other Pelvic Disorders: Enuresis,
Encopresis, and Psychopharmacological Effects on Sexual Function 682
William Reiner

SECTION IV EPIDEMIOLOGICAL, RESEARCH, AND METHODOLOGICAL
CONSIDERATIONS
49. Pediatric Psychopharmacoepidemiology: Who Is Prescribing?
And For Whom, How, and Why? 697
Peter S. Jensen
50. Clinical Trials Methodology and Design 711
Benedetto Vitiello and Lawrence Scahill
51. Regulatory Issues 725
Thomas P. Laughren and Mark A. Ritter
52. Ethical Issues in Pediatric Psychopharmacology 738
Mary Lynn Dell, Brigette S. Vaughan, and Christopher Kratochvil
53. Confl icts of Interest 752
Garry Walter, Joseph M. Rey, Christopher R. Thomas, and Andrés Martin
54. International Perspectives on Pediatric Medication for
Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 763
Daniel J. Safer and Julie M. Zito

Appendix 775
Disclosures of Financial Interest 785
Index 791